Temporal and latitudinal 5577 Å airglow variations

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1296-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Cogger ◽  
R. D. Elphinstone ◽  
J. S. Murphree
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Meridional Transport ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Global Correlation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Winter Hemisphere

From 32 000 [O1] 5577 Å airglow limb observations made between April 1971 and December 1972 from the ISIS-2 satellite, the major temporal and spatial night airglow features have been identified. Two methods of analysis were employed: harmonic fitting and global correlation. Airglow emission rate maxima occurred in mid-October and mid-April at all latitudes. The intensities peaked near 35° in the winter and near 25° in the summer and showed a symmetry with latitude centred about 5° in the winter hemisphere. The mean intensity at mid-latitudes was 175 R and near the equator was 120 R. From the global correlation analysis it was shown that there are two distinct contributions to the temporal and spatial airglow variations: one is from local production which dominates during the post-solstice period, and the other is from large scale meridional transport which dominates during the post-equinox period.

scholarly journals Adult caddisflies (Trichoptera) attracted to artificial lights in the middle reaches of the Shinano River from 2005 to 2007

Zoosymposia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIMIO HIRABAYASHI ◽  
GORO KIMURA ◽  
EISO INOUE
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Summer Flood

The species composition and abundance of adult caddisflies attracted to the illuminated showcase of a vending machine set along the middle reaches of the Shinano River were investigated every Sunday night from April to November in 2005 to 2007. A total of 1,405 adult caddisflies was collected during the investigation periods. We identified a total of 13 species belonging to 11 genera of 8 families. The most abundant species was Psychomyia acutipennis (Ulmer 1908) each year. Psychomyia acutipennis adults were collected from mid-May to the beginning of October (the range of mean air temperature was 13.8 to 27.7°C), with its seasonal abundance divided into several peaks, i.e., the end of May, the beginning of June, and the end of August to the beginning of September in both 2006 and 2007. On the other hand, in 2005 when there was no large-scale summer flood and there were no marked abundance peaks. The present study suggests that the mean air temperature and summer floods impacted the seasonal abundance of P. acutipennis adults.

scholarly journals Nematode Parasites of Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and Cod (Gadus spp.) from Waters near Kodiak Island Alaska, USA

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Mehmet Cemal Oğuz ◽  
Andrea McRae Campbell ◽  
Samuel P. Bennett ◽  
Mark C. Belk
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Anisakis Simplex ◽  
Host Fish ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Kodiak Island ◽  
The Mean

Distribution and abundance of common parasitic nematodes in marine fishes is not well documented in many geographic regions. Understanding the influence of large-scale environmental changes on infection rates of fish by nematodes requires quantitative assessments of parasite abundance for multiple host species. We collected samples of two species of cod and eight species of rockfish (total of 232 specimens) from waters near Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA during Spring and Summer of 2015, and dissected and recorded all internal nematode parasites. We quantified the prevalence and intensity of nematode parasites in the ten host species, and tested for differences in prevalence among host species. We found three species of nematode: Anisakis simplex, sensu lato (Van Thiel), Pseudoterranova decipiens, sensu lato (Krabbe), and Hysterothylacium sp. (Ward and Magath). Eighty-two percent of the examined fish were infected with at least one parasitic nematode. The overall prevalence of P. decipiens, A. simplex, and Hysterothylacium sp. was 56%, 62%, and 2%, respectively. Anisakis simplex and P. decipiens were abundant and present in all ten species of host fish examined, whereas Hysterothylacium sp. was rare and found in only five of the host fish species. Prevalence and mean intensity of P. decipiens and A. simplex varied across the ten host species, and the number of parasites varied substantially among individual hosts within host species. The mean intensity of P. terranova and A. simplex in our study was substantially higher than the mean intensity for these same species from multiple other locations in a recent meta-analysis. This study provides a baseline of nematode parasite abundance in long-lived fish in waters near Kodiak Island, AK, and fills an important gap in our quantitative understanding of patterns of occurrence and abundance of these common and widespread parasites of marine fish.

Simulation of subtropical marine stratocumulus clouds in convection-resolving models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Heim ◽  
Laureline Hentgen ◽  
Nikolina Ban ◽  
Christoph Schär
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Inversion Layer ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Stratocumulus Clouds ◽  
The Mean

<p>Even though the complexity and resolution of global climate models (GCMs) has increased over the last decades, the inter-model spread of equilibrium climate sensitivity has not narrowed. The representation of subtropical low-level clouds and their associated radiative feedbacks in climate models still poses a major challenge. A fundamental problem underlying the simulation of such clouds is their multiscale nature. On the one hand, current GCMs allow to capture the large-scale processes but are too coarse to represent the mesoscale and microscale dynamical processes governing their formation and dissipation. On the other hand, large eddy simulations (LES) resolving the micro scale are bound to small domains and thus lack a robust representation of the large-scale flow and the mesoscale organisation of the clouds. Convection-resolving models (CRMs) are an attractive compromise between the former two since they allow for simulations at much higher resolution than in conventional GCMs and on larger domains than in LES.</p><p>Here we analyse how CRMs simulate stratocumulus decks and investigate causes for inter-model differences. We consider a set of ten CRMs (nine GCMs that are run at convection-resolving resolution during a short time period as part of the pioneering DYAMOND initiative, and the limited area model COSMO run by ourselves) used to simulate stratocumulus clouds over the South-East Atlantic during a 40 day period. The simulations cover a range of horizontal grid spacings between 5 and 1 km.</p><p>We find pronounced differences in the mean cloud cover among the analysed CRMs. In comparison to observed radiation (CERES), most of them underestimate cloud cover, in particular the low-lying stratus decks close to the African coast. Nevertheless, the simulated mesoscale cloud organisation is realistic and similar in the set of CRMs, with few exceptions showing organisation on larger scales than in the other models. In general, the simulated cloud field appears to be more sensitive to the model choice than to the horizontal resolution.</p><p>Despite the differences in the cloud cover, most models capture the subtropical inversion and its spatial structure relatively well. Therefore, differences in the inversion strengths do not suffice to explain variability in the simulated cloud cover fraction between models. However, we find a relation between the mean height of the stratocumulus layer (or inversion layer) and its cloud cover fraction: Models with higher inversions tend to simulate a higher cloud cover fraction, bringing them closer to observations. Similarly, stronger vertical mixing within the boundary layer and enhanced surface latent heat fluxes appear to be related to higher cloud cover. Such relations may help to determine the physical processes responsible for the differences among CRMs in the simulated stratocumulus field.</p>

Efficacy of Gabapentin in the Treatment of SUNCT Syndrome

Cephalalgia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1339-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Etemadifar ◽  
AH Maghzi ◽  
M Ghasemi ◽  
A Chitsaz ◽  
M Kaji Esfahani
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
The Other ◽  
Side Effect Profile ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Sunct Syndrome ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin (GBP) in the treatment of SUNCT syndrome on a relatively large sample of Persian patients. Eight patients with SUNCT syndrome underwent a 4-week, open-label, daily treatment of 600-900 mg GBP. The frequency, intensity and duration of attacks were compared before and after the trial. After 4 weeks of treatment, intensity, duration and frequency of headaches were significantly ( P< 0.05) reduced. In addition, five patients (62.5±) were completely relieved from headaches, and in the other three patients the mean intensity, frequency and duration of headaches were decreased notably. In this study, GBP was well tolerated and no unfavourable side-effects were reported. After the end of the trial all patients continued the medication, and after 3 months none reported undesired side-effects or return of the headaches to the pre-treatment status. Our patients had a significant response to GBP, and considering other case reports on the effectiveness of GBP in the treatment of SUNCT syndrome, we propose that, taking into account the good side-effect profile and lack of interactions of GBP, this drug could be considered as an option for the treatment of SUNCT.

scholarly journals Study on infestations and biodiversity of metazoan parasites in Channa punctatus (Bloch), Mymensingh region

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416
Author(s):  
Naoshin Farzana ◽  
Jasmin Naher ◽  
Md Abu Zafar ◽  
Kirtunia Juran Chandra ◽  
Gias Uddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Channa Punctatus ◽  
Digenetic Trematode ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Exotic Fish ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Day By Day

An investigation was conducted on infestation and reviewed biodiversity of metazoan parasites in Channa punctatus of Mymensingh region from July 2013 to June 2014. A total of 235 fish were examined and 9 species of four groups of parasites were recorded. They were (i) Euclinostomum multicaecum Tubangui and Masilungan, 1935 (ii) Euclinostomum heterostomum (Rudolphi, 1809) (iii) Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki, 1925 (iv) Allocreadium handiai  Pandey, 1937 (v) Senga ophiocephalina (Tseng, 1933) (vi) Porrocaecum sp. (vii) Ascaridia sp. (viii) Contracaecum sp. (ix) Pallisentis ophiocephali (Thapar, 1930).The maximum (86.67%) prevalence was found in  (86.67%) October and minimum (35.00%) in December whereas the maximum mean intensity (10) was observed in June and the minimum (1.42) was recorded from December. The prevalence was observed higher (68.85%) in smaller size of fish and in case of larger fish the prevalence was lower and the value was (53.62%). On the other hand, the mean intensity (5.45) was higher in smaller fish and lower (3.39) in medium sized fish. Both prevalence and mean intensity was found maximum in female fish than male fish. Among the four groups of parasites, infestation of Digenetic trematode is much higher than Nematoda, Cestoda and Acanthocephala. During the study, a list of parasites reported from Channa punctatus of Indian sub-continent was prepared. It was found that 38 species of Digenea, 4 species of Cestoda, 26 species of Nematoda and 5 species Acanthocephala were recorded. The Biodiversity of parasites seemed to be declined day by day. The responsible factors for this declination may be environmental degradation, entry of exotic fish and modernization of aquaculture etc. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 409–416, 2019

Abundance and stability of populations of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) infesting two species of woodpeckers (Aves: Piciformes: Picidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Lamb ◽  
Terry D. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Stability ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Chewing Lice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Louse Species ◽  
Colaptes Auratus

AbstractThe annual abundance of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) was recorded from 1996 to 2015 in Manitoba, Canada, on two species of woodpeckers (Piciformes: Picidae). Yellow-bellied sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus)) were infested with Menacanthus pici (Denny) (Amblycera: Menoponidae) and Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli) (Ischnocera: Philopteridae); northern flickers (Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus)) were also infested with M. pici, as well as two other Ischnocera, Penenirmus jungens (Kellogg) and Picicola porisma Dalgleish. The mean annual abundance varied from nine to 51 lice per bird for the four species, with prevalence, mean intensity, sex ratio, and nymphs per female also varying among louse species. Menacanthus pici populations on both hosts were unstable: abundance rose over two decades because of increasing prevalence, whereas the abundance of the other three louse species fluctuated around a mean. Population variability was similar for the lice on both hosts, with the metric, PV, ranging from 0.41 to 0.51 on a 0–1 scale, once the effect of the trend in abundance for M. pici had been removed. Although the population dynamics for species of lice on these two woodpeckers were distinct, inter-specific differences in population stability were less pronounced than observed in the few other species of bird lice studied in this way.

Characteristics of the midlatitude maximum in the O I 5577 Å airglow emission rate

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 926-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Cogger ◽  
R. Khaneja
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Oxygen ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Airglow Emission ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Night Side ◽  
Summer Hemisphere ◽  
Winter Hemisphere

An analysis of O I 5577 Å airglow limbs observed on the night side of the earth by a scanning photometer on board the ISIS 2 satellite has provided sufficient data to establish the existence of a prominent midlatitude maximum in the airglow emission rate. The maximum occurs near 40° latitude in the winter and near 30° in the summer, with the winter hemisphere maximum a factor of 1.6 larger than the summer hemisphere maximum. The emission rate varies by a factor of about 4 during the year with the maximum occurring several weeks after the autumn equinox. It is suggested that these spatial and temporal variations are due to the distribution of atomic oxygen which, in turn, is influenced by large scale dynamical processes in the lower thermosphere.

The helminth community of the sand smelt (Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810) from Lake Iznik, Turkey

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Özesen Çolak
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Helminth Community ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tylodelphys Clavata

AbstractMetazoan parasites of the sand smelt Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 in Lake Iznik were studied. A total of 271 specimens of A. boyeri, 208 female and 63 male, mean ( ± SD) total length 8.4 ± 2.2 cm (range 3.1–12.2 cm) and mean total weight 4.7 ± 3.5 g (range 0.1–11.7 g) were examined between June 2008 and May 2009 at monthly intervals. In 33 fish no parasites were found. In the other fish, four parasite species were recorded: Diplostomum sp. (prevalence 39.13%, mean intensity 3.50 ± 3.03); Tylodelphys clavata (prevalence 74.16%, mean intensity 10.41 ± 14.89); Bothriocephalus cf. acheilognathi (prevalence 40.59%, mean intensity 31.83 ± 57.74); and Eustrongylides excisus (prevalence 6.64%, mean intensity 1.16 ± 0.39). The mean abundance of Diplostomum sp., T. clavata and E. excisus was higher during the winter and early spring months. In contrast, the mean abundance of B. cf. acheilognathi was higher in the summer and autumn months. This distribution of the parasites was related to a change in the environment of A. boyeri from the pelagic zone to deeper water at the end of autumn and a change in food supply.

Population studies with wheat: I. Sampling

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sampling Unit ◽  
Stem Number ◽  
Optimum Sampling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ear Number

The design and field technique of two large scale experiments, laid down to investigate the problems of sampling and “propinquity”, are described in detail. These experiments were designed so that the plant number, stem number, ear number, straw weight and grain weight for 7200 lengths of 6 in. of drill row, together with the position of each observation, might be obtained.The lowest sampling error, expressed as a percentage of the mean, is obtained by using the smallest sampling unit, but the large number of sampling units of this size that would have to be taken make it impracticable. The optimum sampling unit consists of 6 ft. of drill row, taken as 3 ft. of two adjacent rows. The size of the sampling unit is of greater importance than the shape in determining its accuracy, and little s lost by using sampling units of 18 in. of five adjacent rows.The nature of the observation affects the degree of sampling. In the experiments examined the plant number, stem number and ear number require very similar sampling, but grain weight requires a sample which is about twice as large as that required by the other observations.The percentage of the plot that must be taken as a sample (the sampling percentage) to obtain any given accuracy is related to the size of plot: the larger the plot, the lower the sampling percentage necessary. To obtain an error of 5% of the mean the sampling percentage for grain weight is approximately 5% in 1/20 acre plots, 15% in 1/100 acre plots and 43% in 1/600 acre plots if the plots are not subdivided. These percentages are similar to those calculated from various randomized block experiments in Cambridge.

Multi-Center Study of Thromboplastin Calibration Precision – Influence of Reagent Species, Composition, and International Sensitivity Index (ISI)

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (01) ◽  
pp. 035-040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryFour thromboplastin reagents were tested by 18 laboratories in Europe, North-America, and Australasia, according to a detailed protocol. One thromboplastin was the International Reference Preparation for ox brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (coded OBT/79), and the second was a certified reference material for rabbit brain thromboplastin, plain (coded CRM 149R). The other two thromboplastin reagents were another rabbit plain brain thromboplastin (RP) with a lower ISI than CRM 149R and a rabbit brain thromboplastin combined with adsorbed bovine plasma (RC). Calibration of the latter two reagents was performed according to methods recommended by the World Health Organization (W. H. O.).The purpose of this study was to answer the following questions: 1) Is the calibration of the RC reagent more precise against the bovine/combined (OBT/79) than against the rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R)? 2) Is the precision of calibration influenced by the magnitude of the International Sensitivity Index (ISI)?The lowest inter-laboratory variation of ISI was observed in the calibration of the rabbit/plain reagent (RP) against the other rabbit/plain reagent (CRM 149R) (CV 1.6%). The highest interlaboratory variation was obtained in the calibration of rabbit/plain (RP) against bovine/combined (OBT/79) (CV 5.1%). In the calibration of the rabbit/combined (RC) reagent, there was no difference in precision between OBT/79 (CV 4.3%) and CRM 149R (CV 4.2%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the precision of the ISI of RC obtained with CRM 149R (ISI = 1.343) and the rabbit/plain (RP) reagent with ISI = 1.14. In conclusion, the calibration of RC could be performed with similar precision with either OBT/79 or CRM 149R, or RP.The mean ISI values calculated with OBT/79 and CRM 149R were practically identical, indicating that there is no bias in the ISI of these reference preparations and that these reference preparations have been stable since their original calibration studies in 1979 and 1987, respectively.International Normalized Ratio (INR) equivalents were calculated for a lyophilized control plasma derived from patients treated with oral anticoagulants. There were small but significant differences in the mean INR equivalents between the bovine and rabbit thromboplastins. There were no differences in the interlaboratory variation of the INR equivalents, when the four thromboplastins were compared.

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