Collision induced microwave absorption in N2, CH4, and CF4 in the gaseous and liquid phases

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 496-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Urbaniak ◽  
I. R. Dagg ◽  
G. E. Reesor
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Microwave Absorption ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Gas To Liquid

Measurements of collision induced microwave absorption at 2.3 cm−1 have been carried out on gaseous N2 in the temperature range from 124 to 156 K and on liquid N2 in the temperature range from 77 to 125 K. The low density gaseous measurements have been found to agree well with the previous microwave and infrared results and with existing theories. The dependence of the absorption on density has been obtained at 156 K up to a density of 400 amagat and the results compared with the absorption in the liquid at the same density. The absorption is found to be a function of temperature and density but does not depend on the molecules being in a gas or liquid phase. Results for liquid CH4 and CF4 are reported and compared with previous microwave gaseous results. In contrast to the results for N2 the dependence on the square of the density changes by a relatively small amount in going from the low density gas to liquid densities.

Measurement of the Speed of Sound in 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropylene (R-1234yf) Liquid Phase with an Ultrasonic Sensor

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 588-592
Author(s):  
Lei Gao ◽  
Takuro Shibasaki ◽  
Tomohiro Honda ◽  
Hiroyuki Asou
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Pressure Range ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Ultrasonic Sensor ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Subcooled Liquid ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Measurement Results

The speeds of sound in near saturated and subcooled liquid phases of R-1234yf have been measured using a ultrasonic sensor. The measurements were conducted at the temperature range from 0 to 80 °C, and the pressure range from 0.316 to 2.52 MPa. In order to validate the ultrasonic sensor, the measurement in pure water at the temperature range from 0 to 80 °C was also performed. The measurement result of water was compared with those calculated from REFPROP (based on IAPWS-95) and PROPATH (based on IAPWS-IF97). The result of water agrees well with that calculated from REFPROP within a maximum deviation of 0.28%, except for that at temperature of 80 °C. And it agrees well also with that calculated from PROPATH within a maximum deviation of ±0.2%. The measurement results for near saturated and subcooled liquid phases of R-1234yf were compared with those calculated from REFPROP and JSRAE thermodynamic table.

A neutralization charge detection method for detecting ions under ambient and liquid-phase conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (29) ◽  
pp. 5187-5189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ko-Keng Chang ◽  
Yi-Hong Cai ◽  
Chung-Hsuan Chen ◽  
Yi-Sheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Sensitive Detection ◽  
Charge Detection ◽  
Liquid Phases

A novel neutralization charge detection method enabling the fast and sensitive detection of ions under ambient and liquid phases.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF CAPSICUM FRUTESCENS EXTRACT

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Licto Thomas ◽  
Jagadish Vasudev Kamath
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Fruit Powder

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the in-vivo anti-hyperlipidemic activity of Capsicum frutescens extracts.Methods: The dried fruit powder were extracted with a three liquid phase extraction system. The acetone extract was isolated and the anti-hyperlipidemic activity was evaluated.Results: The anti-hyperlipidemic study was carried out by inducing hyperlipidemia in rats by means of triton. The serum collected was analyzed for total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein.Conclusion: The result of the present study revealed that the acetone extract of the fruits of Capsicum frutescens possess anti-hyperlipidemic activity.

scholarly journals The Intramolecular Pressure and the Extension of the Critical Point’s Influence Zone on the Order Parameter

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Luis Rivera ◽  
Homero Nicanor-Guzman ◽  
Roberto Guerra-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Order Parameter ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Influence Zone ◽  
Molecular Potential ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Wide Zone

The critical point affects the coexistence behavior of the vapor-liquid equilibrium densities. The length of the critical influence zone is under debate because for some properties, like shear viscosity, the extension is only a few degrees, while for others, such as the density order parameter, the critical influence zone covers up to hundreds of degrees below the critical temperature. Here we show that, for ethane, the experimental critical influence zone covers a wide zone of tens of degrees (below the critical temperature) down to a transition temperature, at which the apparent critical influence zone vanishes, and the transition temperature can be predicted through a pressure analysis of the coexisting bulk liquid phase, using a simple molecular potential. The liquid phases within the apparent critical influence zone show low densities, making them behave internally like their corresponding vapor phases. Therefore, Molecular Dynamics simulations reveal that the experimentally observed wide extension of the critical influence zone is the result of a vapor-like effect due to low bulk liquid phase densities.

Fundamental Study of the Temperature Ramp-Up Influence for 3C-SiC Hetero-Epitaxy on Silicon (100)

2010 ◽  
Vol 645-648 ◽  
pp. 151-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Hens ◽  
Günter Wagner ◽  
Astrid Hölzing ◽  
Rainer Hock ◽  
Peter J. Wellmann
Keyword(s):  
Nucleation Rate ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Low Density ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Temperature Ramp ◽  
Domain Boundaries

Usually a waiting step at around 1000°C to 1100°C during the carbonization step for 3C-SiC on silicon is implemented for establishing a closed carbon layer to prevent the formation of voids. The latter, however, may lead to non-ideal nucleation conditions for high quality layers with a low density of domain boundaries. Our investigations indicate that a continuous ramp-up as fast as possible with no waiting step would be preferable. The worst layer quality, as measured by peak intensity and FWHM of the (200) reflection of 3C SiC, can be found at a temperature of about 1000°C, which indicates that here the nucleation rate would be the highest. So longer periods within this temperature range should be avoided by applying high ramping speeds during the carbonization step.

scholarly journals FTIR Spectra of n-Octanol in Liquid and Solid States

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vasileva ◽  
P. Golub ◽  
I. Doroshenko ◽  
V. Pogorelov ◽  
V. Sablinskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Ftir Spectrum ◽  
Structure Transformation ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Solid States

The investigation of the temperature dependence of FTIR spectrum of n-octanol in the temperature range from −150°C to 50°C is presented. The observed changes in the registered spectra during gradual heating of the sample were analysed. The structure transformation at the phase transition from solid to liquid phase is detected.

GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF TERPENES: PART III. THE USE OF OLEIC ACID ESTERS AS LIQUID PHASES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1190-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Geometrical Isomers ◽  
Potassium Oleate ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Degree Of Separation ◽  
Poly Ethylene

The separation of several cyclic terpene hydrocarbons and some oxygenated derivatives was studied on a variety of triglyceride and dioleate ester columns. Use of rapeseed oil, partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil, olive oil, triolein, tristearin, methyl oleate, and potassium oleate as liquid phases led to the conclusion that the presence of an esterified mono-unsaturated long-chain acid is a desirable constituent of the liquid phase. Dioleate esters of 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol showed useful differences in the degree of separation of both terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. Ether linkages, as in the di- and poly-ethylene glycol ester, also were associated with favorable separations. When the liquid phase contained free hydroxyl groups, the degree of separation of hydrocarbons and ketones was in general less favorable. The spacing of the ester groups was found to have some effect on retention data. The separation of such critical pairs of isomers as tricyclene and α-pinene, α-fenchene and camphene, and also geometrical isomers of oxygenated derivatives is facilitated by use of several of these liquid phases.

Evolution of IR spectra of a weakly-bound OCO⋯HCl complex with increasing CO2 density from the gas to liquid phase

2001 ◽  
Vol 598 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S Rutkowski ◽  
K.G Tokhadze ◽  
P Lipkowski ◽  
A Koll ◽  
R Ahmedjonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Weakly Bound ◽  
Gas To Liquid ◽  
Co2 Density

Multiphase Reactions and Reactors

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Doraiswamy
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Complete Classification ◽  
Catalytic Reactions ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Multiphase Reactions ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Solid Form

The first three chapters of this part dealt with two-phase reactions. Although catalysts are not generally present in these systems, they can be used in dissolved form in the liquid phase. This, however, does not increase the number of phases. On the other hand, there are innumerable instances of gas-liquid reactions in which the catalyst is present in solid form. A popular example of this is the slurry reactor so extensively employed in reactions such as hydrogenation and oxidation. There are also situations where the solid is a reactant or where a phasetransfer catalyst is immobilized on a solid support that gives rise to a third phase. A broad classification of three-phase reactions and reactors is presented in Table 17.1 (not all of which are considered here). This is not a complete classification, but it includes most of the important (and potentially important) types of reactions and reactors. The thrust of this chapter is on reactions and reactors involving a gas phase, a liquid phase, and a solid phase which can be either a catalyst (but not a phasetransfer catalyst) or a reactant, with greater emphasis on the former. The book by Ramachandran and Chaudhari (1983) on three-phase catalytic reactions is particularly valuable. Other books and reviews include those of Shah (1979), Chaudhari and Ramachandran (1980), Villermaux (1981), Shah et al. (1982), Hofmann (1983), Crine and L’Homme (1983), Doraiswamy and Sharma (1984), Tarmy et al. (1984), Shah and Deckwer (1985), Chaudhari and Shah (1986), Kohler (1986), Chaudhari et al. (1986), Hanika and Stanek (1986), Joshi et al. (1988), Concordia (1990), Mills et al. (1992), Beenackers and Van Swaaij (1993), and Mills and Chaudhari (1997). Doraiswamy and Sharma (1984) also present a discussion of gas-liquid-solid noncatalytic reactions in which the solid is a reactant. In Chapter 7 we saw how Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) models are normally used to describe the kinetics of gas-solid (catalytic) or liquid-solid (catalytic) reactions, and in Chapters 14 to 16 we saw how mass transfer between gas and liquid phases can significantly alter the rates and regimes of these two-phase reactions.

scholarly journals Stress analysis in solid-liquid parts of solidifying castings

2019 ◽  
Vol 254 ◽  
pp. 02019
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Gawrońska ◽  
Robert Dyja ◽  
Norbert Sczygiol
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Plastic State ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Element Mesh ◽  
Friction Forces ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Macroscopic Parameters

In the paper, we present results of stress analysis in domains which are a mixture of solid and liquid phases. Such mixtures occur in solidifying castings and are a result of forming a structure with solid skeleton and filling of a liquid phase. In this structure, stress occurs due to the appearance of temperature gradients, different values of material properties for the solid and liquid phase, and the appearance of friction forces between the solidified part of the casting and the mold on a macroscopic scale. This can lead to casting defects, such as hot cracking. The results are obtained with the use of a authors computer program based on the Finite Element Method. The stress analysis takes into account the elastic-plastic state of considered computational area. The presented results are focused on the microscopic scale, for which a finite element mesh is created which imitates the growing grains of the metal alloy in the casting, on the basis of macroscopic parameters.

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