First Observation of the BeAr+ and BeKr+ Molecules: The A2Π–X2Σ+ Band Systems in Emission

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (19) ◽  
pp. 2016-2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Subbaram ◽  
J. A. Coxon ◽  
W. E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Molecular Constants ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
Microwave Discharges

Two new emission systems of violet degraded bands near 4000 Å were recorded from microwave discharges through mixtures of beryllium halide vapors with flowing argon and krypton at pressures ~ 200 Torr. The spectra are assigned as the A2Π–X2Σ+ systems of the hitherto unknown BeAr+ and BeKr+ molecules. Molecular constants are reported, and the large binding energies are discussed in terms of a predominant ion-induced dipole interaction.

First Observation of the BeXe+ Molecule: The A2Π–X2Σ Band System in Emission

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (20) ◽  
pp. 2321-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Coxon ◽  
W. E. Jones ◽  
K. V. Subbaram
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Microwave Discharge ◽  
Band System ◽  
Vibrational Analysis ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Molecular Constants ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
Beryllium Chloride

Twenty-three new violet degraded bands in the region λ 4100–4700 Å have been observed in emission from a microwave discharge through beryllium chloride and flowing xenon at total pressures near 200 Torr. The band system is attributed to the A2Π–X2Σ+ transition of the new molecule BeXe+. Approximate molecular constants are reported from the vibrational analysis. The observation and assignment of this spectrum of BeXe+ confirm our recent results on the BeAr+ and BeKr+ molecules, for which it was proposed that the ion-induced dipole interaction was largely responsible for the ground state binding energies.

HYDROGEN STORAGE ON NANOFULLERENE CAGES

NANO ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 04 (05) ◽  
pp. 253-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATARAJAN SATHIYAMOORTHY VENKATARAMANAN ◽  
HIROSHI MIZUSEKI ◽  
YOSHIYUKI KAWAZOE
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Reversible System ◽  
Storage Medium ◽  
Transition Elements ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Alkali Earth ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
A Charge

In this paper, we discuss and compare various nanocage materials proposed theoretically as storage medium for hydrogen. Doping of transition elements leads to clustering which reduces the gravimetric density of hydrogen, while doping of alkali and alkali-earth metals on the nanocage materials, such as carborides, boronitride, and boron cages, were stabilized by the charger transfer from the dopant to the nanocage. Further, the alkali or alkali-earth elements exist with a charge, which are found to be responsible for the higher uptake of hydrogen, through a dipole–dipole and change-induced dipole interaction. The binding energies of hydrogen on these systems were found to be in the range of 0.1 eV to 0.2 eV, which are ideal for the practical applications in a reversible system.

Limiting activity coefficients in dilute solutions of nonelectrolytes. II. Determination for polar–nonpolar and polar–polar binary mixtures, and the application of some solubility-parameter treatments

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shapour Afrashtehfar ◽  
Genille C. B. Cave
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Solubility Parameter ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Binary Solutions ◽  
Polar Components ◽  
Induced Dipole

Activity coefficients were determined at 293.15 K for the more dilute component in 24 binary solutions of nonelectrolytes, by gas-chromatographic analysis of the equilibrium vapor phase. One component of the binary mixture was either nitromethane, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, ethanenitrile, propanenitrile, ethyl ethanoate, or butyl ethanoate; and the other component was either heptane, 1-heptene, or 1,6-heptadiene.From the limiting activity coefficients of these components, some factors that affected their magnitude were identified. The values were also used to test the modifications of Prausnitz, Blanks, and Weimer, of Helpinstill and Van Winkle, and of Keller, Karger, and Snyder to the Scatchard–Hildebrand equation modified to accommodate polar components. In addition, the degree of constancy of the ratio of the dipole – induced dipole interaction parameter for a series of solutes in one solvent to that in another was considered.

scholarly journals Experimental quantification of contact freezing in an electrodynamic balance

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 2373-2382 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hoffmann ◽  
A. Kiselev ◽  
D. Rzesanke ◽  
D. Duft ◽  
T. Leisner
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Particle Collision ◽  
Charged Droplet ◽  
Particle Collisions ◽  
Ice Nuclei ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
Levitated Droplet

Abstract. Heterogeneous nucleation of ice in a supercooled water droplet induced by external contact with a dry aerosol particle has long been known to be more effective than freezing induced by the same nucleus immersed in the droplet. However, the experimental quantification of contact freezing is challenging. Here we report an experimental method to determine the temperature-dependent ice nucleation probability of size-selected aerosol particles. The method is based on the suspension of supercooled charged water droplets in a laminar flow of air containing aerosol particles as contact freezing nuclei. The rate of droplet–particle collisions is calculated numerically with account for Coulomb attraction, drag force and induced dipole interaction between charged droplet and aerosol particles. The calculation is verified by direct counting of aerosol particles collected by a levitated droplet. By repeating the experiment on individual droplets for a sufficient number of times, we are able to reproduce the statistical freezing behavior of a large ensemble of supercooled droplets and measure the average rate of freezing events. The freezing rate is equal to the product of the droplet–particle collision rate and the probability of freezing on a single contact, the latter being a function of temperature, size and composition of the contact ice nuclei. Based on these observations, we show that for the types of particles investigated so far, contact freezing is the dominating freezing mechanism on the timescale of our experiment.

scholarly journals Experimental quantification of contact freezing in an electrodynamic balance

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3407-3437 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hoffmann ◽  
A. Kiselev ◽  
D. Rzesanke ◽  
D. Duft ◽  
T. Leisner
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Particle Collision ◽  
Charged Droplet ◽  
Particle Collisions ◽  
Ice Nuclei ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
Levitated Droplet

Abstract. Heterogeneous nucleation of ice in a supercooled water droplet induced by an external contact with a dry aerosol particle has long been known to be more effective than freezing induced by the same nucleus immersed in the droplet. However, the experimental quantification of contact freezing is challenging. Here we report an experimental method allowing to determine the temperature dependent ice nucleation probability of size selected aerosol particles. The method uses supercooled charged water droplets suspended in a laminar flow of air containing aerosol particles as contact freezing nuclei. The rate of droplet–particle collisions is calculated numerically with account for Coulomb attraction, drag force and induced dipole interaction between charged droplet and aerosol particles. The calculation is verified by direct counting of aerosol particles collected by a levitated droplet. By repeating the experiment on individual droplets for a sufficient number of times, we are able to reproduce the statistical freezing behavior of a large ensemble of supercooled droplets and measure the average rate of freezing events. The freezing rate is equal to the product of the droplet–particle collision rate and the probability of freezing on a single contact, the latter being a function of temperature, size and composition of the contact ice nuclei. Based on these observations, we show that for the types of particles investigated so far, contact freezing is the dominating freezing mechanism on the time scale of our experiment.

Limiting activity coefficients in dilute solutions of nonelectrolytes. I.Determination for polar–nonpolar binary mixtures by a novel apparatus, and a solubility-parameter treatment of results

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (21) ◽  
pp. 2697-2706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etela Milanová ◽  
Genille C. B. Cave
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Solubility Parameter ◽  
Butyl Acetate ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Polar Component ◽  
Nonpolar Solvents ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
Polar Solutes

The activity coefficients of several solutes in dilute binary solutions of nonelectrolytes were determined at 20 °C from vapour–liquid equilibria in a novel static equilibration apparatus, by gas-chromatographic analysis of the equilibrium vapor phase. The solutes were nitromethane, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, 2-nitropropane, acetonitrile, propionitrile, ethyl acetate, and n-butyl acetate in n-heptane and in benzene as solvents, and also carbon tetrachloride as solute in each of the above-listed polar compounds as the solvent.The modifications by Weimer and Prausnitz and by Blanks and Prausnitz to the Scatchard–Hildebrand equation in order to accommodate binary mixtures containing a polar component were tested by using the values found in the present work for the limiting activity coefficients of these solutes. In addition, it was found that the ratio of the dipole – induced dipole interaction parameter for polar solutes in the two nonpolar solvents was nearly constant.Three methods for evaluating the dispersion contribution to the solubility parameter of a polar compound were considered.

scholarly journals Probing the light-induced dipole-dipole interaction in momentum space

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Löw ◽  
R Gati ◽  
J Stuhler ◽  
T Pfau
Keyword(s):  
Momentum Space ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Induced Dipole

Direction dependent photon superbunching effect from an atomic array

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qurrat-ul-Ain Gulfam
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Emission ◽  
Laser Field ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
Model System ◽  
Interaction Mechanisms ◽  
Directional Emission ◽  
Induced Dipole ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Correlated Emission

The probability of correlated emission of fluorescent photons as a function of detection directions has been investigated. The model system comprises identical two-level atoms arranged in the form of a line. A weak laser field resonantly excites only one of the atoms in the line. Two interaction mechanisms, namely, the vacuum-induced dipole–dipole interaction and the collective spontaneous emission couple the system of atoms. The aim is to observe the emission of a set of photon twins synchronized in time. It is seen that strongly directional emission of pairs of photons can take place due to the interference between the emitters. These highly correlated pairs of photons can be observed in very precise geometric directions. The observation is made based on two different detection procedures. It is found that the superradiant photons always tend to be bunched along the same direction.

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