On the Origin of the Electric Field of Polarization in a Gravitational Plasma

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-591
Author(s):  
M. Fridman
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Function ◽  
External Field ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Charge Separation ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Ion Plasma ◽  
Polarization Electric Field ◽  
Induced Changes

The theories developed to explain the expansion of charged particles from the atmosphere always involve an electric field of charge separation of gravitational origin. A theory is proposed replacing the quasi-neutral sources by a plasma polarization due to the external field of gravity.Assuming that the penetrated Debye clouds are distorted by gravity and hence provide the sources, the induced changes in the correlation function are evaluated. The formalism giving the polarization electric field is verified by using the solution of the differential equations for gravitation correlation in the simplest case of an electron and single ion plasma.

Enhancement of photoelectrochemical performance in ferroelectric films via the introduction of an Au buffer layer

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 112701
Author(s):  
Dawei Cao ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Jianfei Zhu ◽  
Yanfang He ◽  
Tong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Buffer Layer ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Charge Separation ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Ferroelectric Films ◽  
Photoelectrochemical Performance ◽  
Band Bending ◽  
Polarization Electric Field ◽  
Pec Water Splitting

Abstract The inefficient separation of photogenerated carriers has become a serious problem that limits the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of semiconductors. Herein, a sol-gel method was used to prepare BiFeO3 ferroelectric thin films with FTO and FTO/Au as substrates, respectively. The polarization electric field of the ferroelectric can more effectively separate the carriers generated in the photoelectrode. Meanwhile, the introduction of an Au buffer layer can reduce the resistance in the process of charge transfer, accelerate the carrier migration, and enhance the efficiency of the charge separation. Under light irradiation, Au/BiFeO3 photoelectrode exhibited an extraordinary improvement in PEC water splitting compared with BiFeO3. In addition, the ferroelectric polarization electric field causes band bending, which further accelerates the separation of electrons and holes and improves the PEC performance of the photoelectrode. This work promotes the effective application of ferroelectric films in PEC water splitting.

Fluorine induced enhancement of surface polarization and crystallization of g-C3N4 for efficient charge separation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojuan Bai ◽  
Xuyu Wang ◽  
Xiongwei Lu ◽  
Boxuan Sun ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Charge Separation ◽  
Carbon Nitride ◽  
Graphitic Carbon ◽  
Graphitic Carbon Nitride ◽  
Surface Polarization ◽  
Efficient Charge ◽  
Polarization Electric Field

Inspired by electric field engineering applied to photocatalysts, herein, the synergy of highly crystalline and surface polarization electric field generated by introducing fluorine (F) atoms in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)...

scholarly journals Charge separation effects in magnetized electron–ion plasma expansion into a vacuum

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4559-4562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumi Nishimura ◽  
Edison Liang ◽  
S. Peter Gary
Keyword(s):  
Charge Separation ◽  
Plasma Expansion ◽  
Ion Plasma

Triggering photocatalytic activity of carbon dot-based nanocomposites by self-supplying peroxide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Cai ◽  
Qing Chang ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Caihong Hao ◽  
Jinlong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Catalytic Process ◽  
Charge Accumulation ◽  
Carbon Dot ◽  
Carrier Transfer ◽  
Polarization Electric Field

The photocatalyst performance highly relies on the quantity of carrier transfer from the bulk to surface during the catalytic process. However, the polarization electric field induced by charge accumulation at...

scholarly journals A thermodynamic approach to rate-type models in deformable ferroelectrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Giorgi ◽  
Angelo Morro
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Polarization Electric Field ◽  
Field Plane ◽  
Vector Valued ◽  
Rate Type ◽  
Hysteretic Properties

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to establish vector-valued rate-type models for the hysteretic properties in deformable ferroelectrics within the framework of continuum thermodynamics. Unlike electroelasticity and piezoelectricity, in ferroelectricity both the polarization and the electric field are simultaneously independent variables so that the constitutive functions depend on both. This viewpoint is naturally related to the fact that an hysteresis loop is a closed curve in the polarization–electric field plane. For the sake of generality, the deformation of the material and the dependence on the temperature are allowed to occur. The constitutive functions are required to be consistent with the principle of objectivity and the second law of thermodynamics. Objectivity implies that the constitutive equations are form invariant within the set of Euclidean frames. Among other results, the second law requires a general property on the relation between the polarization and the electric field via a differential equation. This equation shows a dependence fully characterized by two quantities: the free energy and a function which is related to the dissipative character of the hysteresis. As a consequence, different hysteresis models may have the same free energy. Models compatible with thermodynamics are then determined by appropriate selections of the free energy and of the dissipative part. Correspondingly, major and minor hysteretic loops are plotted.

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