Coupling a scintillator to a small photosensitive area

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (19) ◽  
pp. 2125-2127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Daniels ◽  
Laura Y. C. Tsui
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height

A model is developed to describe a scintillation counter coupled to a photosensitive area which is small in comparison with the dimensions of the scintillator. It is shown that the reciprocal of the pulse height is a linear function of the reciprocal of the photosensitive area, and that the constants in this relation are determined by the albedo of the material surrounding the scintillator and by the refractive index of the medium coupling the window to the photosensitive device. This relation has been verified experimentally.

Applications of a Portable Radioisotope X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer to Analysis of Minerals and Alloys*

1967 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 249-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Rhodes ◽  
T. Furuta
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scattering Coefficients ◽  
Finite Samples ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Sulfur In Coal

AbstractA portable, battery-operated X-ray fluorescence analyzer weighing 15 lb is described, consisting of a Nal(Tl) scintillation-counter probe and an electronic unit with a single-channel pulse-height analyzer and reversible scaler. Radioisotope X-ray sources are used for excitation of the sample and, where necessary, balanced filters for resolution of neighboring characteristic X-rays. Emphasis has been placed on designing and producing an instrument that is easy and convenient to operate in laboratory, factory, or field conditions and that can equally well be used to measure extended surfaces, such as rock faces, or finite samples in the form of powders, briquettes, or liquids. The feasibility of the following analyses has been studied by using for each determination the appropriate radioisotope source and filters: sulfur in coal; calcium and iron in cement raw mix; copper in copper ores; and vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten in steels. Detection limits, based on counting statistics obtained in count times of 10 to 100 sec, range from 0.03% for copper in ores to 0.2% for sulfur in coal. Both matrix absorption and enhancement effects were encountered and were eliminated or reduced substantially by suitable choice of source energy, by the use of nomograms, or by semiempirical correction factors based on attenuation or scattering coefficients.

A Simple Method of Pulse Height Telemetry for a Balloon-Borne Scintillation Counter

1964 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 724-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kajikawa ◽  
F. Makino ◽  
M. Matsuoka ◽  
Y. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Simple Method

Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra and solar modulation effects in the new solar cycle measured with a four-element counter telescope

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S883-S886 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Ormes ◽  
W. R. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Geometrical Factor ◽  
Solar Modulation ◽  
Primary Proton ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Helium Spectra ◽  
Counter Telescope

In the summers of 1965 and 1966 we have continued our studies begun in 1963 on the primary proton and helium spectra and the effects of solar modulation. Data are available from four additional balloon flights at Fort Churchill using the earlier version of the Cerenkov-scintillation counter telescope (Ormes and Webber 1966), and a new four-element double-scintillation (dE/dx), Cerenkov-scintillation + range telescope. This latest telescope employs pulse-height analysis on both dE/dx counters and the Cerenkov-scintillation counter. Various consistency requirements may be set between pulse heights. These serve to reduce background effects by an order of magnitude over the previous system. The geometrical factor of the telescope is 55.4 sr cm2. The results reported here will cover the proton and helium spectra from 100 MeV/nucleon to 2 BeV/nucleon and their time variation. They will show that the fractional changes in the differential proton spectra can be represented by (rigidity)−1 both before and after the sunspot minimum and that there is no evidence for any hysteresis effects between protons of 100 MeV to 2 BeV and energies to which neutron monitors respond.

scholarly journals Background Components of a Liquid Scintillation Counter in the 14C Window

Radiocarbon ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Jonsson ◽  
P Theodórsson
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Geiger Counter ◽  
Varying Thickness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face ◽  
Deep Underground ◽  
Pb Concentration

We present a broad and detailed study of the background components of a liquid scintillation (LS) detector, using a simple laboratory-built system, ICELS. It was specifically designed for radiocarbon dating and is compact and easily transportable (total weight 35 kg). Its flexible LS detector unit has a dome-shaped vial with 3 mL benzene to which 45 mg butyl-PBD is added. The vial sits on the top of a vertical 28-mm-diameter phototube. The gamma radiation, to which the benzene is exposed under varying conditions, was measured by replacing the vial with a 38-mm-diameter Nal crystal. The pulse-height spectra of the 14C LS background and the Nal gamma background were measured in a surface laboratory and in a deep underground counting room with: 1) a lead shield of varying thickness; 2) lead of normal and low 210Pb concentration; 3) phototubes of 2 different types; and 4) varying benzene volume. The beta emission from the face of the tubes was measured with a low-level Geiger counter.

X-Ray Diffraction Study of Ordering in Two Sigma Phases

1966 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Spor ◽  
H. Claus ◽  
Paul A. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Measured Intensity ◽  
Atomic Size ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Line Intensities ◽  
Ordering Schemes ◽  
Intensity Ratios ◽  
Pattern Line

AbstractX-ray powder pattern line intensities were measured for the (Cr, Re)σ and (Re, Fe)σ phases by a step-scanning diffractometer, using CrKα radiation, scintillation counter, and a pulse height analyzer. The measured intensity ratios for all available pairs of adjacent lines were compared by means of a computer with the corresponding calculated intensity ratios based on approximately 1800 different ordering schemes for each alloy. The results showed ordering in both alloys, and indicated that the ordering was based on atomic size. These results are different from those obtained previously by Kasper and Waterstrat (no ordering), and by Ageyev et al. [In (Cr, Re)σ the Cr atoms are preferentially in large coordination number positions.]

A LARGE-AREA LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER AND SOME MEASUREMENTS ON HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC-RAY PARTICLES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Millar ◽  
E. P. Hincks ◽  
G. C. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Liquid Scintillation Counter ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Half Maximum

A liquid scintillation counter is described which consists of a [Formula: see text] in. by [Formula: see text] in. by 2 in. Plexiglas tank of terphenyl plus α-naphthylphenyloxazole (αNPO) in triethylbenzene. The tank is surrounded by MgO powder and viewed by a total of eight RCA Type 5819 photomultiplier tubes along two opposite edges. For normally incident fast μ-mesons a peaked pulse height distribution is observed, 20.5% in width at half-maximum for the central area of the counter, broadening to 25–30% at the perimeter, and estimated to be 25% over-all. When the Landau distribution in energy loss (width 18% at half-maximum) and the geometric spread are taken into account, a counter resolution function 8% in width at half-maximum is obtained for the central area of the counter, or 18% for the counter as a whole.The most probable pulse height for 0.30 Bev. μ-mesons is 1.6 ± 0.5% higher than for 2.2 Bev. μ-mesons, in close agreement with the Bethe–Bloch theory as extended by Symon and with a density correction calculated by the method of Sternheimer. Pulse heights from protons in the region 0.3 to 0.8 Bev. vary directly with the theoretically computed energy loss in the counter. Peak position and resolution are unchanged by a flux of 12 mr./hr. of thorium γ-rays.

Intensitätsarme Übergänge beim Zerfall von RaC, RaC″ und ThC″

1957 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Scintillation Counter ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Magnetic Lens ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Compton Electrons

An anthracene scintillation counter with single-channel pulse height selection was used as a lowbackground detector in a magnetic-lens β-ray spectrometer. By analyzing the spectrum of the Compton electrons ejected from a thick converter three new γ-rays in the decay RaC → RaC′ were found: 2.72 ± 0.02 MeV, 2.89 ± 0.05 MeV. and 3.03 ± 0.03 MeV, with intensities of 0.026, 0.005, and 0.013, resp., setting the intensity of the 2.204-MeV γ-ray equal to unity. β-ray groups, if existing, from RaC″ to RaD-levels ≦ 1.07 MeV have an intensity < 5 · 10-3 per RaC″ decay. The upper limit for the intensity of a 3.20-MeV crossover γ-ray in the decay ThC″ → ThD was measured to 1.5 · 10-4 per ThC″ decay

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document