MINIMUM SPARK BREAKDOWN AND GLOW VOLTAGES

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Gambling ◽  
F. W. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Cathode Fall ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spark Breakdown

Measurements of the spark breakdown voltage between carbon electrodes in hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, and air are given for ranges of the product p (mm. Hg) × d (cm.) between 0.1 and 1000 mm. Hg cm. The results show that in each gas Paschen's Law is obeyed for pd > 10 mm. Hg cm. For pd < 10 mm. Hg cm. deviations from Paschen's Law were observed at the longer gap lengths. The minimum spark breakdown voltage, Vsm, occurred near pd = 1 mm. Hg cm. The normal cathode-fall voltage, Vcn, was also measured, and was found to be less than Vsm in hydrogen, argon, and air, and greater than Vsm in nitrogen. A theoretical analysis is made which predicts the relationship Vcn = 1.110 Vsm and the reasons why this condition is seldom found in practice are discussed.

Microprocessor Architecture Era for Development Cloud Computing of Ministry of Electricity and Energy of Egypt

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5199-5209
Author(s):  
Heba A. El-Khobby ◽  
Mostafa M. AbdElnaby ◽  
Abdel-Aziz Ibrahim Mahmoud HASSANIN ◽  
Abdallah D. Maziad
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Organization Structure ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Organization Structures ◽  
Competence Evaluation ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
Services Evaluation ◽  
The Relationship

A development and evaluation the Cloud Computing (ClComp) of Ministry of Electricity and Energy of Egypt (MEEE) is presented in this paper. In order to be able to judge whether the ClComp of MEEE is competence, there is a need to develop criteria which performance can judged. Competency based standards and the ability to perform the activities within an occupation to the standard expected in the organization structure are presented. The key objective of Cloud Computing is to integrate Authorized Groups (AuthGs) development with the needs of the organization structures of MEEE. The ClComp of MEEE was developed jointly between the telecommunication information technology and ClComp services. Evaluation enables participant to distinguish between AuthGs centered view and a customer centered view of cloud computing of MEEE is competence evaluation. Recognize the main types of evaluation, explain the purpose of evaluation compare the approaches to cloud computing evaluation and review the relationship between the process and policy of evaluation are investigated. Microprocessor architecture presented an optimistic view of multicore scalability to develop the ClComp. Moreover this paper investigates the theoretical analysis of multiprocessor developing and scalability. The analysis was based on the laws of Amdahl's, Gustafson's, Hill's and Marty for fixed-workload condition. Moreover, challenged the difficulties to develop better cloud computing is taken into account. Also, multicore analysis of ClComp scalability, performance and power under fixed-time and memory-bound conditions are studied. These results complement existing studies and demonstrate that ClComp architectures are capable of extensive scalability and developing.

FIELD STRENGTH IN PULSED MERCURY ARCS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 670-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ahlborn ◽  
A. J. Barnard ◽  
H. D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Mercury Vapor ◽  
Average Field ◽  
Arc Plasma ◽  
Cathode Fall ◽  
Arc Current ◽  
Mercury Electrodes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pulsed Arc ◽  
Arc Current And Voltage

In a pulsed arc with mercury electrodes the average column field strength Eco was measured for different currents I, and the relationship [Formula: see text] was found. The variations of arc current and voltage with time indicate that the anode and cathode fall regions have a combined thickness of 3 × 10−6 cm, and an average field strength of 2 × 106 V/cm. The arc plasma is formed mainly from mercury vapor, rather than from the surrounding gas.

From self-evident norms to contingent couplings: A systems-theoretical analysis of changes in the relationship between schools and the function systems in Denmark

2021 ◽  
pp. 147490412110097
Author(s):  
Niels Åkerstrøm Andersen ◽  
Justine Grønbæk Pors
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Education System ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
School Governance ◽  
World Society ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Point Of Departure

Taking a point of departure in the paradoxical fact that the increase in educational knowledge leads to an increase in uncertainty for educational organisations, this article explores how uncertainty and contingency have increasingly become an integral part of school governance. The article draws on Niklas Luhmann’s theory of ‘World Society’ as a functional differentiated society providing a range of different symbolic media for educational organisations. To trace the increase in the complexity of governing, we provide a historical account of the shifting couplings between schools and function systems. We show how the school becomes linked to an increasing number of symbolic media so that education becomes only one out of many other concerns. The article studies the consequences these shifting couplings have for how schools are governed and how they are expected to self-manage their relationship to different function systems. The article adds to existing studies of how education has become more and more differentiated with the argument that this has also led to new forms of couplings between schools and the education system with a number of important implications for the teaching profession.

Psychological, Pedagogical and Drganizational Peculiarities of the Development of Students’ Volitional Qualities as a Factor of Success in Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiia Vientseva ◽  
◽  
Oleva Karapetrova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
University Students ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Academic Achievements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Development Of Students

The article reports the results of the empirical study of the impact of volitional qualities development on the level of academic achievements of higher education institution students. The article gives a theoretical analysis of the main types of volitional qualities that affect the assimilation of educational material by students. There was established the level of their development and the relationship with academic achievements. The article also identifies the main psycho-pedagogical and organizational peculiarities that affect the success of mastering the knowledge by university students. The psychological and pedagogical recommendations for forming, developing and supporting the volitional sphere of students are developed.

scholarly journals An Improved UU-MESFET with High Power Added Efficiency

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hujun Jia ◽  
Mei Hu ◽  
Shunwei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Threshold Voltage ◽  
High Power ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Field Effect Transistor ◽  
Drain Current ◽  
Power Added Efficiency ◽  
Effect Transistor ◽  
The Relationship

An improved ultrahigh upper gate 4H-SiC metal semiconductor field effect transistor (IUU-MESFET) is proposed in this paper. The structure is obtained by modifying the ultrahigh upper gate height h of the ultrahigh upper gate 4H-SiC metal semiconductor field effect transistor (UU-MESFET) structure, and the h is 0.1 μm and 0.2 μm for the IUU-MESFET and UU-MESFET, respectively. Compared with the UU-MESFET, the IUU-MESFET structure has a greater threshold voltage and trans-conductance, and smaller breakdown voltage and saturation drain current, and when the ultrahigh upper gate height h is 0.1 μm, the relationship between these parameters is balanced, so as to solve the contradictory relationship that these parameters cannot be improved simultaneously. Therefore, the power added efficiency (PAE) of the IUU-MESFET structure is increased from 60.16% to 70.99% compared with the UU-MESFET, and advanced by 18%.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MOTHER IN CHILDHOOD IN FORMING A WOMAN'S ATTITUDE TOWARDS HER OWN MOTHERHOOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Sidorenko ◽  
◽  
Natalia Grisenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the study of such an important psychological phenomenon as an attitude of women to their own motherhood. It is summarizes the study of the problem of motherhood in psychological science in general. The article analyzes the problem of the influence of the relationship with the mother in childhood on the formation of a woman's attitude to her own motherhood in adult age. It is illuminates views of foreign and national researchers on the study of this phenomenon, as well as the essence of different areas of research on this phenomenon. Based on the theoretical analysis of the literature on this topic, the concept of "motherhood", its content and psychological essence is studied. Cultural-historical, biological, physiological and psychological aspects to the study of motherhood are singled out. The main content of scientific views on the formation of the phenomenon of motherhood is generalized. The main factors influencing the development of a woman's maternal sphere and the formation of the attitude to one's own motherhood are analyzed and considered. The content of such basic concepts as "mother's image" and "maternal relations" is revealed. The psychological features of the formation of an adequate image of the mother in the theoretical analysis of the ontogenesis of the maternal sphere are analyzed. The article also reveals the dynamics of motherhood in ontogenesis. The types of maternal relations and their role in the life of a mature woman are determined, as well as the influence of these relations on the formation of a woman's attitude to her own motherhood. The influence of different types of relationships between women and their own mothers on the level of formation of their attitude to personal motherhood has been empirically studied. Two groups of women were studied, one group had a positive relationship with their own mother, and the other had a negative one. In the course of the research the differences between different types of maternal relations and the level of formation of a woman's personal attitude to motherhood are singled out.

scholarly journals Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jonathan Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Standard Account ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship

The introduction outlines the motivation for investigating the relationship between autonomy and rationality in contemporary bioethics, and maps the contours of a pre-theoretical understanding of autonomy, in preparation for the theoretical analysis to come. Having noted some apparent ambiguities and tensions within the widely accepted assumption that there is a close relationship between autonomy and rationality, the author briefly distinguishes procedural and substantive accounts of autonomy, and identifies Beauchamp and Childress’ pioneering work in the principles of biomedical ethics as providing the standard account of autonomy in bioethics. He outlines some objections to the standard account, and goes on to outline a framework that is used in the rest of the book for developing a rationalist account of autonomy that aims to avoid these objections.

Influence of Residual Stress on the Thermal Expansion Behavior of Electroformed Nickel Layers

2013 ◽  
Vol 662 ◽  
pp. 511-514
Author(s):  
Yi Chun Liu ◽  
Jia Min Zhang ◽  
Jian Hong Yi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Subsequent Heat Treatment ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Thermal Expansion Behavior ◽  
Expansion Behavior ◽  
Electroformed Nickel ◽  
The Relationship

Nickel layers with tensile or pressure residual stress were prepared by electroforming technique from two kinds of electrolyte. Subsequent heat treatment was adopted to get the stress released. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) were measured with a thermal dilatometer and the relationship between residual stress and the measured CTEs was revealed both from experimental results and theoretical analysis.

On minimum of static breakdown voltage for gas-filled gap

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
A.V. Kozyrev ◽  
◽  
V.Yu. Kozhevnikov ◽  
A.O. Kokovin ◽  
S.Y. Medvedev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Spherical Geometry ◽  
The Self ◽  
Planar Geometry ◽  
Plane Parallel ◽  
Discharge Gap

Based on the self-sustaining condition of the discharge, a theoretical analysis was carried out in order to identify the minimum possible breakdown voltage. It is shown that a weak nonuniformity of the electric field in the discharge gap leads to an increase in the static breakdown voltage in comparison with the Paschen’s law. A strong nonuniformity of the field in diodes of coaxial and spherical geometry also cannot provide a decrease in the minimum breakdown voltage in comparison with the case of a plane-parallel gap. It is proved that of all symmetric geometries of a gas-filled diode, the planar geometry has the lowest breakdown voltage.

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