Protein kinase C from chicken gizzard: characterization and detection of an inhibitor and endogenous substrates

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 260-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwyneth DeVries ◽  
Elaine D. Fraser ◽  
Michael P. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Chicken Gizzard ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Endogenous Substrates

Protein kinase C was purified from the cytosolic fraction of chicken gizzard by Ca2+-dependent hydrophobic interaction chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography. The molecular weight was estimated as 61 500 by gel filtration and 80 000 by denaturing gel electrophoresis, indicating that the native enzyme is a monomer. Using the mixed micellar assay, with histone III-S as the substrate, protein kinase C required Ca2+, phospholipid, and diacylglycerol for activity, with half-maximal activation at ~5 × 10−7 M Ca2+ in the presence of L-α-phosphatidyl-L-serine and 1,2-diolein. No activation by Ca2+ was observed in the absence of diacylglycerol. Protein kinase C requires free Mg2+, in addition to the MgATP2− substrate, for activity. The Km for ATP was determined to be 20 μM. Activity was sensitive to ionic strength, with half-maximal inhibition at 70 mM NaCl. Using the liposomal assay, phosphorylation of platelet P47 protein and smooth muscle vinculin was more strongly dependent on Ca2+ and lipids than was histone phosphorylation. Partial digestion of protein kinase C with trypsin yielded a constitutively active fragment. A heat-stable inhibitor and three major endogenous protein substrates of protein kinase C were also detected in chicken gizzard smooth muscle.Key words: protein kinase C, gizzard, inhibitor, endogenous substrates.

scholarly journals Characterization and properties of protein kinase C from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei

1998 ◽  
Vol 330 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas LENDENFELD ◽  
P. Christian KUBICEK
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Ligand Affinity ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Endogenous Substrates

The Trichoderma reesei pkc1 gene encodes a fungal homologue of the protein kinase C (PKC) family. Using antibodies directed against the nt-sequence-deduced pseudosubstrate domain for identification, Pkc1p was purified by dye-ligand affinity chromatography and Mono Q anion-exchange chromatography. Both the denatured as well as the native enzyme showed an Mr of 116-118 kDa, indicating that Pkc1p is a monomer. The enzyme phosphorylates the mutated (A → S) pseudosubstrate peptide and myelin basic protein, but not histone. Replacing three of the five basic amino acids around the serine acceptor residue resulted in a 25-fold increase in the Km. Pkc1p activity was stimulated by phospholipids, but this stimulation was counteracted by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+. Three proteins (85, 48 and 45 kDa) were identified as preferred endogenous substrates of Pkc1p in vitro. The enzyme was capable of autophosphorylation, and neither phosphorylation nor dephosphorylation in vitro affected the activity of the enzyme. A 116 kDa protein of T. reesei was demonstrated to bind to the N-terminal C2-region of Pkc1p in vitro. These data define Pkc1p as a unique member of the PKC family.

scholarly journals Protein kinase C isoenzymes in airway smooth muscle

1997 ◽  
Vol 324 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. J. WEBB ◽  
Mark A. LINDSAY ◽  
Peter J. BARNES ◽  
Mark A. GIEMBYCZ
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Oligonucleotide Primer ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Gf 109203X ◽  
Bona Fide

The protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes expressed by bovine tracheal smooth muscle (BTSM) were identified at the protein and mRNA levels. Western immunoblot analyses reliably identified PKCα, PKCβI and PKCβII. In some experiments immunoreactive bands corresponding to PKCδ, PKCϵ and PKCθ were also labelled, whereas the γ, η and ζ isoforms of PKC were never detected. Reverse transcriptase PCR of RNA extracted from BTSM using oligonucleotide primer pairs designed to recognize unique sequences in the PKC genes for which protein was absent or not reproducibly identified by immunoblotting, amplified cDNA fragments that corresponded to the predicted sizes of PKCδ, PKCϵ and PKCζ, which was confirmed by Southern blotting. Anion-exchange chromatography of the soluble fraction of BTSM following homogenization in Ca2+-free buffer resolved two major peaks of activity. Using ϵ-peptide as the substrate, the first peak of activity was dependent upon Ca2+ and 4β-PDBu (PDBu = phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate), and represented a mixture of PKCs α, βI and βII. In contrast, the second peak of activity, which eluted at much higher ionic strength, also appeared to comprise a combination of conventional PKCs that were arbitrarily denoted PKCα′, PKCβI′ and PKCβII′. However, these novel enzymes were cofactor-independent and did not bind [3H]PDBu, but were equally sensitive to the PKC inhibitor GF 109203X compared with bona fide conventional PKCs, and migrated on SDS/polyacrylamide gels as 81 kDa polypeptides. Taken together, these data suggest that PKCs α′, βI′ and βII′ represent modified, but not proteolysed, forms of their respective native enzymes that retain antibody immunoreactivity and sensitivity to PKC inhibitors, but have lost their sensitivity to Ca2+ and PDBu when ϵ-peptide is used as the substrate.

Proteoglycan synthesis is increased in cells with impaired clathrin-dependent endocytosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Llorente ◽  
K. Prydz ◽  
M. Sprangers ◽  
G. Skretting ◽  
S.O. Kolset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Proteoglycan Synthesis ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Core Proteins ◽  
Sulfate Incorporation ◽  
In Cells

Overexpression of a GTPase deficient dynamin mutant in HeLa dynK44A cells causes a block in clathrin-dependent endocytosis. When endocytosis is inhibited, these cells incorporate higher levels of [(35)S]sulfate into both cellular and secreted macromolecules and larger amounts of proteoglycans such as syndecan and perlecan are immunoprecipitated from [(35)S]sulfate-labelled lysates. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography revealed that the increased [(35)S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans was not due to significant differences in size or density of negative charge of glycosaminoglycan chains attached to proteoglycan core proteins. On the other hand, measurements of the syndecan-1 mRNA level and of [(3)H]leucine-labelled perlecan after immunoprecipitation supported the idea that the increased [(35)S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans was due to a selective increase in the synthesis of proteoglycan core proteins. Interestingly, the activity of protein kinase C was increased in cells expressing mutant dynamin and inhibition of protein kinase C with BIM reduced the differences in [(35)S]sulfate incorporation between cells with normal and impaired clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Thus, the activation of protein kinase C observed upon inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis may be responsible for the increased synthesis of proteoglycans.

scholarly journals Smooth-muscle caldesmon phosphatase is SMP-I, a type 2A protein phosphatase

1993 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Pato ◽  
C Sutherland ◽  
S J Winder ◽  
M P Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Cytosolic Fraction ◽  
Chicken Gizzard ◽  
Kinase C

Caldesmon phosphatase was identified in chicken gizzard smooth muscle by using as substrates caldesmon phosphorylated at different sites by protein kinase C, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and cdc2 kinase. Most (approximately 90%) of the phosphatase activity was recovered in the cytosolic fraction. Gel filtration after (NH4)2SO4 fractionation of the cytosolic fraction revealed a single major peak of phosphatase activity which coeluted with calponin phosphatase [Winder, Pato and Walsh (1992) Biochem. J. 286, 197-203] and myosin LC20 phosphatase. Further purification of caldesmon phosphatase was achieved by sequential chromatography on columns of DEAE-Sephacel, omega-amino-octyl-agarose, aminopropyl-agarose and thiophosphorylated myosin LC20-Sepharose. A single peak of caldesmon phosphatase activity was detected at each step of the purification. The purified phosphatase was identified as SMP-I [Pato and Adelstein (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 6535-6538] by subunit composition (three subunits, of 60, 55 and 38 kDa) and Western blotting using antibodies against the holoenzyme which recognize all three subunits and antibodies specific for the 38 kDa catalytic subunit. SMP-I is a type 2A protein phosphatase [Pato, Adelstein, Crouch, Safer, Ingebritsen and Cohen (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 132, 283-287; Winder et al. (1992), cited above]. Consistent with the conclusion that SMP-I is the major caldesmon phosphatase of smooth muscle, purified SMP-I from turkey gizzard dephosphorylated all three phosphorylated forms of caldesmon, whereas SMP-II, -III and -IV were relatively ineffective. Kinetic analysis of dephosphorylation by chicken gizzard SMP-I of the three phosphorylated caldesmon species and calponin phosphorylated by protein kinase C indicates that calponin is a significantly better substrate of SMP-I than are any of the three phosphorylated forms of caldesmon. We therefore suggest that caldesmon phosphorylation in vivo can be maintained after kinase inactivation due to slow dephosphorylation by SMP-I, whereas calponin and myosin are rapidly dephosphorylated by SMP-I and SMP-III/SMP-IV respectively. This may have important functional consequences in terms of the contractile properties of smooth muscle.

scholarly journals Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1)-independent activation of the protein kinase C substrate, protein kinase D

FEBS Letters ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 581 (18) ◽  
pp. 3494-3498 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. David Wood ◽  
April P. Kelly ◽  
Sharon A. Matthews ◽  
Doreen A. Cantrell
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Protein Kinase D ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Dependent Protein

Identification of protein kinase C isoenzymes in smooth muscle: partial purification and characterization of chicken gizzard PKCζ

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Clément-Chomienne ◽  
Michael P. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
Particulate Fraction ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Chicken Gizzard ◽  
Kinase C

The pattern of expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes was examined in chicken gizzard smooth muscle using isoenzyme-specific antibodies: α, δ, ε, η, and ζ isoenzymes were detected. PKCα associated with the particulate fraction in the presence of Ca2+ and was extracted by divalent cation chelators. PKCδ required detergent treatment for extraction from the EDTA – EGTA-washed particulate fraction. PKCε, η, and ζ were recovered in the cytosolic fraction prepared in the presence of Ca2+. PKCζ, which has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression in smooth muscle, was partially purified from chicken gizzard. Two peaks of PKCζ-immunoreactive protein (Mr 76 000) were eluted from the final column; only the second peak exhibited kinase activity. The specific activity of PKCζ with peptide ε (a synthetic peptide based on the pseudosubstrate domain of PKCε) as substrate was 2.1 μmol Pi∙min−1∙(mg PKCζ)−1 and, with peptide ζ as substrate, was 1.2 μmol Pi min−1∙(mg PKCζ)−1. Activity in each case was independent of Ca2+, phospholipid, and diacylglycerol. Lysine-rich histone III-S was a poor substrate for PKCζ (specific activity, 0.1–0.3 μmol Pi∙min−1∙mg−1). Two proteins, calponin and caldesmon, which have been implicated in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and are phosphorylated by cPKC (a mixture of α, β, and γ isoenzymes), were also poor substrates of PKCζ (specific activities, 0.04 and 0.02 μmol Pi∙min−1∙mg−1, respectively). Chicken gizzard PKCζ was insensitive to the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate or the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine. The properties of PKCζ are, therefore, quite distinct from those of other well-characterized PKC isoenzymes.Key words: protein kinase C, isoenzymes, smooth muscle.

Radiolabelling of bovine myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) in an ADP-ribosylation reaction

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Chao ◽  
D. L. Severson ◽  
H. Zwiers ◽  
M. D. Hollenberg
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Bovine Brain ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Adp Ribosylation ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Neuronal Proteins ◽  
Functional Consequences

In an ADP-ribosylation reaction, we have observed the radiolabelling of a protein in a crude bovine brain homogenate, which upon two-dimensional gel electrophoresis migrated with an acidic pI (< 4.5) and an apparent molecular mass (80–90 kDa) consistent with the properties of the myristoylated, alanine-rich, protein kinase C substrate protein termed MARCKS. To establish the identity of this radiolabelled constituent in brain homogenates, we first purified bovine brain MARCKS using calmodulin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and we then supplemented the crude ADP-ribosylation reaction mixture with this purified MARCKS fraction. Concordant increases in radiolabelling and silver staining of the same protein component from the MARCKS-supplemented ADP-ribosylation reaction, as compared with the ADP-ribosylated crude homogenate, established the identity of this constituent as MARCKS. The radiolabelling of MARCKS was lower in comparison with the ADP-ribosylation of the related neuronal protein B-50/GAP-43 under identical reaction conditions. The potential functional consequences of the ADP-ribosylation of MARCKS are discussed and the possibility is raised that other members of the MARCKS family, such as the F52/MacMARCKS/MRP protein, may also be subject to ADP-ribosylation.Key words: MARCKS, ADP-ribosylation, neuronal proteins, B-50/GAP-43, kinase C, calmodulin.

scholarly journals 4-Sulphobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase. Purification and properties of a desulphonative two-component enzyme system from Comamonas testosteroni T-2

1991 ◽  
Vol 274 (3) ◽  
pp. 833-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
H H Locher ◽  
T Leisinger ◽  
A M Cook
Keyword(s):  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Comamonas Testosteroni ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
Mononuclear Iron ◽  
Purification And Properties ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Protein Components

Cell-free extracts of Comamonas testosteroni T-2 grown in toluene-p-sulphonate/salts medium catalyse the conversion of p-sulphobenzoate (PSB) into protocatechuate and sulphite by an NADH-requiring and Fe2(+)-activated dioxygenase. Anion-exchange chromatography of extracts yielded red (A) and yellow (B) protein fractions, both of which were necessary for dioxygenative activity. Further purification of each fraction by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration led to two homogeneous protein components (A and B), which together converted 1 mol each of PSB, O2 and NADH into 1 mol each of protocatechuate, sulphite and, presumably, NAD+. The system was named 4-sulphobenzoate 3,4-dioxygenase (PSB dioxygenase system). Monomeric component B (Mr 36,000) was determined to be a reductase that contained 1 mol of FMN and about 2 mol each of iron and inorganic sulphur per mol. This component transferred electrons from NADH to the oxygenase component (A) or to, e.g., cytochrome c. Homodimeric component A (subunit Mr 50,000) of the PSB dioxygenase system contained one [2Fe-2S] centre per subunit and its u.v.-visible-absorption spectrum corresponded to a Rieske-type iron-sulphur centre. The requirement for activation by iron was interpreted as partial loss of mononuclear iron during purification of component A. Component A could be reduced by dithionite or by NADH plus catalytic amounts of component B. The PSB dioxygenase system displayed a narrow substrate range: none of 18 sulphonated or non-sulphonated analogues of PSB showed significant substrate-dependent O2 uptake. The physical properties of the PSB dioxygenase system resemble those of other bacterial multi-component dioxygenase, especially phthalate dioxygenase. However, it differs from most characterized systems in its overall reaction; the product is a vicinal diphenol, and not a dihydrodiol.

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