Effect of heparin on the metabolism of putrescine in vivo

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 959-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore L. Sourkes ◽  
Krystyna Missala
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diamine Oxidase ◽  
Blood Stream

Rats and guinea pigs which are given heparin metabolize intraperitoneally injected [14C]-putrescine to 14CO2 at reduced rates. The results have been considered in relation to the heparin-induced liberation of diamine oxidase from tissues into the blood stream.

scholarly journals MULTIPLICATION AND SURVIVAL OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE ORGANS OF MICE

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia H. Pierce ◽  
René J. Dubos ◽  
Werner B. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Different Levels

Cultures of tubercle bacilli (typical bovine and human strains) known to differ in the severity of the lesions they induce in experimental animals, were injected in various doses into the cerebrum, peritoneal cavity, or blood stream of mice. Quantitative determinations of the numbers of living bacilli present in the tissues at different intervals of time after infection led to the following classification of the cultures tested:— (a) Certain well known variant forms of tubercle bacilli were found to be unable to multiply in vivo, although they could survive for many weeks in the tissues of mice. These organisms proved to be truly avirulent. (b) Other variant forms underwent multiplication in vivo, even when extremely small infective doses were used, but could not give rise to progressive disease. It is proposed to designate these strains, which produce only abortive infections, as "attenuated." Different levels of attenuation could be detected. The maximum numbers of living bacilli that were recovered from the tissues corresponded directly to the severity and duration of the abortive lesions that could be produced by the strain in guinea pigs or in mice and were characteristic for each strain tested. The two BCG substrains tested were found to differ markedly in their level of attenuation. (c) The cultures virulent for guinea pigs were also capable of establishing a progressive infection in mice even when small infective doses were used. In the case of the attenuated and virulent strains, the population of living bacilli present in the lungs was at first much lower than that in the spleen, but it continued to increase in the former organs throughout the period of observation. This was notably true in the case of the virulent cultures. In contrast, the numbers of living bacilli in the spleen rapidly reached a maximum in the case of all cultures and then decreased progressively. For a given infective dose, and a given interval of time after inoculation, the maximum levels of living bacterial population attained in the spleen and in the lungs proved to be a direct expression of the virulence of the strain.

scholarly journals THE BEHAVIOR IN VIVO OF CERTAIN RELATIVELY PURE ANTIGENS

1926 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 625-634
Author(s):  
F. S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Egg White ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slow Increase ◽  
Egg Albumen ◽  
Considerable Period

The experiments are of interest in several respects. It is clear that crystallized egg albumen is rapidly eliminated from the circulation and in the experiments cited it could no longer be detected after 18 or 19 hours. A considerable portion of it rapidly passes through the kidney in an apparently unaltered state. Evidently this passage begins almost at once and may continue for a day or two. In an experiment not reported in this paper, egg albumen appeared in naturally voided urine 2 hours following its injection into the peritoneal cavity. In the experiments reported no urine was voided until 5½ and 6½ hours following intravenous administration, but in each instance egg albumen was present in considerable amounts. However, sufficient egg albumen must have been utilized to produce antibody. It is hardly to be expected that such a protein, whose elimination is so rapid, could persist unaltered within the body and reappear within the circulation coincident with its antibody. The behavior of the protein cannot be ascribed to alterations which may have taken place during the process of crystallization since Ascoli showed that the proteins of egg white readily pass from the circulation into the urine. Certain observations of the writer confirm this point. The experience of Alexander, Becke, and Holmes who exposed sensitized guinea pigs to sprays of dilute egg white with the result that 80 per cent of the animals developed symptoms of anaphylaxis, further strengthens the contention that certain of the membranes are readily permeable for the proteins of egg. The conditions following the injection of casein are different. There is no appreciable passage through the kidney. Casein is present within the circulation for a considerable period; it could be detected in the blood serum 12 and 13 days after its introduction into the peritoneal cavity. Antibody appeared on the 7th and 8th days, respectively, so that both antigen and antibody were present in the serum for a period of 3 or 4 days. The phenomenon of antigen and antibody occurring together might be explained on the ground that certain proteins are utilized slowly and that the antibody found in the blood, usually after the 7th day, results from the portion of antigen first utilized. During the next few days a continual supply of antibody enters the circulation and during the period there is a steady utilization of the antigenic substance; it is possible that during this time there is constant union of antigen and antibody within the blood, with the slow utilization of the antigen and a slight utilization of the antibody which is made up by a slow increase from the body cells. Thus there would be a period in which considerable antigen would be present with weak antibody, succeeded by a second period when the amount of antigen would be small with well defined antibody, and finally only antibody. Certain observations tend to support such a view. Bayne-Jones injected rabbits whose serum contained precipitin from egg albumen with this substance and noted the occurrence of both antigen and antibody for a period of 48 hours. Some of his experiments in vitro are equally suggestive. In one instance a rabbit well immunized with egg albumen was injected intravenously with this substance. An hour later it was bled and the stored serum refrigerated for a period. During this time there was a slow spontaneous precipitation with a decline in both precipitin and antigen titer, but even after 6 days both were present. After a longer period only antigen remained. P. A. Lewis and D. Loomis have shown that an injection of sheep red blood cells in guinea pigs results in a well defined hemolysin titer about the 9th day, followed by a definite decline, with a secondary rise in hemolysin until the peak is reached on the 20th day. It becomes evident, then, that the reaction of the rabbit to a single injection of a relatively pure protein will depend on the character of the protein injected. When crystallized egg albumen is administered it is rapidly eliminated from the circulation. The rapid disappearance of the egg albumen from the blood stream is partly accounted for by its prompt elimination through the urine. Antibody appears in the serum from the 7th to the 10th day. Casein behaves differently. It persists in the blood for a considerable period; after the 7th or 8th day both antigen and antibody may be demonstrated in the blood. Casein cannot be detected in the urine following its injection into the body. The behavior of casein within the body affords an analogy with the conditions frequently noted after the administration of foreign serum, in both cases both antigen and antibody may be present in the circulation together.

Involvement of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Platelet Aggregation In Vivo in Rats and Guinea Pigs

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (03) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Rat Platelets

SummaryIn this study, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused a dose- dependent fall in the circulating platelet count suggesting that 5-HT receptors are activated in rat platelets to cause platelet adhesion and aggregation. When low doses of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were simultaneously injected with 5-HT, there was a significant potentiation of the responses to ADR Ketanserin significantly reduced the potentiated responses. When higher doses of ADP were infused with bolus injections of 5-HT there was no potentiation and ketanserin did not reduce these responses. Ketanserin did not inhibit the collagen-induced fall in circulating platelet count, but did significantly increase the rate of return to the basal platelet count compared with control. 5-HT did not cause a fall in platelet count in guinea-pigs

Inhibition of Human and Animal Platelet Adhesiveness to Glass Bead Columns by Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Chlorpromazine and Acetylsalicylic Acid

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buichi Fujttani ◽  
Toshimichi Tsuboi ◽  
Kazuko Takeno ◽  
Kouichi Yoshida ◽  
Masanao Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Platelet Adhesiveness

SummaryThe differences among human, rabbit and guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness as for inhibitions by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid are described, and the influence of measurement conditions on platelet adhesiveness is also reported. Platelet adhesiveness of human and animal species decreased with an increase of heparin concentrations and an increase of flow rate of blood passing through a glass bead column. Human and rabbit platelet adhesiveness was inhibited in vitro by adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine, but not by acetylsalicylic acid. On the other hand, guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness was inhibited by the four drugs including acetylsalicylic acid. In in vivo study, adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine inhibited platelet adhesiveness in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Acetylsalicylic acid showed the inhibitory effect in guinea-pigs, but not in rabbits.

The Ullrastructure of Platelet Participation in Hemostasis

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 065-083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley A. Johnson ◽  
Ronaldo S. Balboa ◽  
Harlan J. Pederson ◽  
Monica Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Mesenteric Vessels ◽  
Platelet Aggregates ◽  
Electron Lucent

SummaryThe ultrastructure of platelet aggregation in vivo in response to bleeding brought about by transection of small mesenteric vessels in rats and guinea pigs has been studied. Platelets aggregate, degranulate and separating membranes disappear in parallel with fibrin appearance which is first seen at several loci after 30 seconds of bleeding. About 40 per cent of the electron opaque granules, some of which contain platelet factor 3 have disappeared after one minute of bleeding while the electron lucent granules increase by 70 per cent suggesting that some of them may be empty vesicles. Most of the platelet aggregates of the random type disappear leaving clumped red blood cells entrapped by a network of fibrin fibers which emanate from the remains of platelet aggregates of the rosette type to maintain hemostasis.

scholarly journals Effect of cannulation site on emboli travel during cardiac surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Puthettu ◽  
Stijn Vandenberghe ◽  
Stefanos Demertzis
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Arterial Tree ◽  
Air Bubble ◽  
Cannulation Site ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background During cardiac surgery, micro-air emboli regularly enter the blood stream and can cause cognitive impairment or stroke. It is not clearly understood whether the most threatening air emboli are generated by the heart-lung machine (HLM) or by the blood-air contact when opening the heart. We performed an in vitro study to assess, for the two sources, air emboli distribution in the arterial tree, especially in the brain region, during cardiac surgery with different cannulation sites. Methods A model of the arterial tree was 3D printed and included in a hydraulic circuit, divided such that flow going to the brain was separated from the rest of the circuit. Air micro-emboli were injected either in the HLM (“ECC Bubbles”) or in the mock left ventricle (“Heart Bubbles”) to simulate the two sources. Emboli distribution was measured with an ultrasonic bubble counter. Five repetitions were performed for each combination of injection site and cannulation site, where air bubble counts and volumes were recorded. Air bubbles were separated in three categories based on size. Results For both injection sites, it was possible to identify statistically significant differences between cannulation sites. For ECC Bubbles, axillary cannulation led to a higher amount of air bubbles in the brain with medium-sized bubbles. For Heart Bubbles, aortic cannulation showed a significantly bigger embolic load in the brain with large bubbles. Conclusions These preliminary in vitro findings showed that air embolic load in the brain may be dependent on the cannulation site, which deserves further in vivo exploration.

scholarly journals Comparative studies on Salmonella typhi grown in vivo and in vitro III. The immunizing potencies of acetone-killed vaccines prepared from in vivo and in vitro grown bacteria and the immunizing potency of substances isolated from infected organs

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Olitzki ◽  
Dina Godinger
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Challenge Strain

1. Salmonella typhi, strain Ty2, grown in vivo and employed as acetone-dried vaccine possessed a higher immunizing potency than the descendants of the same parent strain grown in vitro and employed as vaccine.2. When 2 × 108in vitro-grown bacteria were employed as challenge, the immunizing effects of both types of vaccine were more marked than after administration of 2 × 108in vivo-grown bacteria as challenge.3. The higher potency of the in vivo-grown vaccine was apparent in all experiments, whether the challenge strain was grown in vivo or in vitro.4. Immunogenic substances were isolated from infected organs of mice and guinea-pigs, and an immunogenic substance from the peritoneal fluid of the infected guinea-pigs was concentrated by precipitation with ethanol.

scholarly journals EVIDENCE THAT THE L-ASPARAGINASE OF GUINEA PIG SERUM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ANTILYMPHOMA EFFECTS

1963 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Broome
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Salt Precipitation ◽  
Asparaginase Activity ◽  
Pig Serum

A number of the properties of the L-asparaginase present in guinea pig serum have been examined and shown to be indistinguishable from those of the agent responsible for inhibiting cells of lymphoma 6C3HED in vivo. The patterns of instability of the enzyme to changes in temperature and pH were found to parallel closely those of the antilymphoma agent. L-Asparaginase activity was essentially absent from the serum of newborn guinea pigs and this failed to inhibit 6C3HED cells. On separating guinea pig serum proteins by salt precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography on DEAE cellulose, antilymphoma activity was found only in fractions which contained L-asparaginase.

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