Studies of the Metabolism of Asialotransferrins: the Metabolic Heterogeneity of Human Asialotransferrin

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1070-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Regoeczi ◽  
K.-L. Wong ◽  
M. W. C. Hatton
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Human Transferrin ◽  
Denatured Protein ◽  
Body Activity ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Metabolic Heterogeneity

Catabolism of human transferrin and human asialotransferrin was simultaneously studied in guinea pigs by means of total body radioactivity measurements. Total body activity representing transferrin decreased at a constant rate with an average half-life of 88 h. Decrease of the total body activity representing asialotransferrin exhibited at least two rates; the half-life of the fast initial component averaged at 25 h, whereas the half-life of the slower component averaged at 55 h. Transition occurred between the 50th and 80th hours of the experiments.The complex character of the elimination curves could not be explained by differences in the iron content of asialotransferrin, by the presence of transferrin variants or of denatured protein in the injected material, by residual sialic acid in the preparations, by accumulation of radioactive terminal catabolic products in the body, by an association of asialotransferrin with any other macromolecular plasma constituent, by changing conditions for mass action, or by a continuing return of labeled protein from the extravascular space. Injection of bovine asialotransferrin into guinea pigs did not result in complex total body curves. Analyses of guinea pig tissues demonstrated that human asialotransferrin had marked affinity for the liver and none for the kidney, lung, or spleen.These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the glycopeptides in human transferrin are hetegrogeneous in that removal of the sialyl residues exposes structures with different affinities for the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. The precise chemical basis for the metabolic heterogeneity is unknown.

The distribution and tissue retention of mercury-203 in the goldfish (Carassius auratus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Weisbart
Keyword(s):  
Gall Bladder ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Constant Rate

Goldfish injected intraperitoneally with 203Hg(NO3)2 lost mercury at an apparent constant rate resulting in a biological half-life of 568 h. Correlated with this loss was a linear increase in the amount of mercury in the water.The mercury-203 content in the tissues displayed four different responses.(1) Gall bladder, gonad, and spleen tissues showed no significant regressions.(2) Eye, kidney, and intestinal tissue manifested significant losses of mercury, but the rate of loss was not significantly different from that of the body as a whole.(3) Gill, heart, skin, and swim bladder tissues lost mercury at rates faster than the body as a whole.(4) Brain, liver, muscle, and head kidney tissues showed no significant losses of mercury.

scholarly journals Disposition Kinetic of Moxifloxacin following Intravenous, Intramuscular, and Subcutaneous Administration in Goats

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Harshad B. Patel ◽  
Shailesh K. Mody ◽  
Hitesh B. Patel ◽  
Vipul A. Patel ◽  
Urvesh D. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

The present study was carried out to investigate disposition kinetics of moxifloxacin following single-dose intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight (b.wt.) in goats. Plasma samples collected after treatments were analyzed for drug concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After i.v. administration, distribution of the drug was rapid and wide as reflected by high steady-state volume of distribution. Drug elimination was relatively faster with a total body clearance of 0.59±0.03 L/h/kg. Following i.m. injection, the drug has shown the rapid and near-to-complete absorption with bioavailability of 98.20±3.96 per cent. The maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) of 1.21±0.04 μg/mL was attained at 1 h (Tmax). The drug was widely distributed as reflected by high apparent volume of distribution. The elimination half-life (t1/2β) of the drug was 6.26±0.08  h. Following s.c. administration, the drug was rapidly absorbed (Cmax: 1.16±0.02 μg/mL; tmax: 1 h) and slowly eliminated from the body. The elimination half-life and total body clearance (ClB) were 5.61±0.10 h and 0.60±0.03 L/h/kg, respectively. The bioavailability of moxifloxacin following s.c. administration was 90.44±3.96 per cent.

scholarly journals Der Ecdysontiter während der Insektenentwicklung, VI.

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 718-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Shaaya
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Hormone Level ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hormone Content ◽  
Puparium Formation ◽  
Total Body

The distribution of ecdysone before and during puparium formation has been determined in various tissues of Calliphora. The hormone level in the blood remains relatively constant from 20 hours before pupation to 5 hours after pupation. Ecdysone first appears in the integument 8 — 5 hours before pupation reaching a maximum of 27.5% of the total hormone content in the body 5 hours after pupation. The titer in the fat body is low until 5 hours after pupation when it rises sharply to 48% of the total body content.Exogenous ecdysone injected into isolated abdomens is rapidly inactivated. The activity declines exponentially with a half-life of about 3 hours.

Trend of Total and District Activity in Patients Subjected to Intralymphatic Radiotherapy

1968 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto De Vecchi ◽  
Maria Antonia Bertoli ◽  
Giannino Fava ◽  
Irena Hliniakowa
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Radioactive Substance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Thoracic Region ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Body Scanning ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Lymphatic Route

The aim of this paper is to determine the dose received by every organ of patients subjected to intralymphatic radiotherapy with Lipiodol F181I. For this purpose external counting techniques have been devised for determining the effective half-life (Te). The determination of the initial concentration (Co) will be considered in a subsequent paper. Systematic checks were carried out on 9 patients with a Nukab scanner by means of sectorial counts, total body scanning and body profiles. By measuring the areas of successive profiles in the same patient, the effective half-life of the radioactive substance in the different body sections could be exactly determined. No shifting of the medium from the abdominal to the thoracic region by direct lymphatic route could be detected from the first day after lymphography until almost total decay of 131I. The trend of radioactivity accumulation in the lung was studied during injection and during the first few hours after lymphography. Some hypotheses as to the trend of activity in the various body districts and the possible metabolic routes of the medium in the body are advanced.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of doxycycline in fasted and nonfasted broiler chickens

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Laczay ◽  
G. Semjén ◽  
J. Lehel ◽  
G. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Absolute Bioavailability ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Maximal Plasma ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Total Body

The pharmacokinetics and the influence of food on the kinetic profile and bioavailability of doxycycline was studied after a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral dose of 10.0 mg/kg body weight in 7-week-old broiler chickens. Following i.v. administration the drug was rapidly distributed in the body with a distribution half-life of 0.21 ± 0.01 h. The elimination half-life of 6.78 ± 0.06 h was relatively long and resulted from both a low total body clearance of 0.139 ± 0.007 L/h·kg and a large volume of distribution of 1.36 ± 0.06 L/kg. After oral administration to fasted chickens, the absorption of doxycycline was quite fast and substantial as shown by the absorption half-life of 0.39 ± 0.03 h, the maximal plasma concentration of 4.47 ± 0.16 —g/mL and the time to reach the Cmax of 1.73 ± 0.06 h. The distribution and the final elimination of the drug were slower than after i.v. administration. The absolute bioavailability was 73.4 ± 2.5%. The presence of food in the intestinal tract reduced and extended the absorption (t1/2a = 1.23 ± 0.21 h; Cmax = 3.07 ± 0.23 µg/mL; tmax = 3.34 ± 0.21 h). The absolute bioavailability was reduced to 61.1% ± 4.4%.

ACTIVITY OF 137CS IN HUMAN BODY OF INHABITANTS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 186 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Irena Malátová ◽  
Pavel Fojtík
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
General Population ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Body Activity

Abstract The time course of 137Cs activity in general population of the Czech Republic has been systematically followed since the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Either whole body counting or the determination of 137Cs content in 24-hour urine samples were used as a method of determination of body activity. Environmental and effective half-lives were calculated from the data. In the time period from 1986 to 1990 the effective half-life was 1.3 years; since 1990 up to present the half-life is 15 years. The older data on whole body activity of 137Cs from 1965 to 1985 were compiled and are presented as well. Apart from the general population, a group of people who have special dietary habits in terms of increased game meat consumption, namely wild boar meat, has been monitored since 2000. In this group, the body content of 137Cs is about two orders of magnitude higher than in the general population.

Research Recommendations for Applying Vitamin A-Labelled Isotope Dilution Techniques to Improve Human Vitamin A Nutrition

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo ◽  
Anura V. Kurpad ◽  
Janet R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Status Assessment ◽  
Total Body

The current use of serum retinol concentrations as a measurement of subclinical vitamin A deficiency is unsatisfactory for many reasons. The best technique available for vitamin A status assessment in humans is the measurement of total body pool size. Pool size is measured by the administration of retinol labelled with stable isotopes of carbon or hydrogen that are safe for human subjects, with subsequent measurement of the dilution of the labelled retinol within the body pool. However, the isotope techniques are time-consuming, technically challenging, and relatively expensive. There is also a need to assess different types of tracers and doses, and to establish clear guidelines for the use and interpretation of this method in different populations. Field-friendly improvements are desirable to encourage the application of this technique in developing countries where the need is greatest for monitoring the risk of vitamin A deficiency, the effectiveness of public health interventions, and the potential of hypervitaminosis due to combined supplement and fortification programs. These techniques should be applied to validate other less technical methods of assessing vitamin A deficiency. Another area of public health relevance for this technique is to understand the bioconversion of β-carotene to vitamin A, and its relation to existing vitamin A status, for future dietary diversification programs.

Obesity in Children - An alarming problem in Kaumarbhritya

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharma Shilpi ◽  
Sharma Rakesh ◽  
Bhima Devi ◽  
Asharafi Bakhtyar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Body Activity ◽  
Obesity In Children ◽  
At Home

A roly-poly child obviously attracts many attentions but if the trend remains unchanged it could be a reason of worry as this is the primitive sign of childhood obesity which is the leading problem in today’s era. With continuous change in life style and dietary habits, child has become the victim of many diseases and obesity (Sthaulya) is one of them. There are and were some human activists talking about reducing the weight of study bags; but none is thinking about the weight our babies are carrying. In present era both parents are working, to earn the luxuries and amusements, so the kids are left with the food packets at home with idiot boxes to see some “de-shaped” cartoons resulting in the reduction of healthy nutritious diet and also reducing their body activity. The body weight of our babies is putting pressure on their “cuteness”, their “happiness”, their “emotions” and on their “being”. In Ayurveda it needs step by step examination and treatment to break the ‘Dushtasamprapti Chakra’ of Sthaulya by both non pharmacological such as Yoga and pharmacological remedies such as Panchakarma therapy, Shamana therapy etc. to achieve the goal.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact of a Multi-Strain Probiotic on Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Long-Distance Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3758
Author(s):  
Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka ◽  
Lucyna Ostrowska ◽  
Joanna Leszczyńska ◽  
Karolina Orywal ◽  
Urszula Cwalina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Impact

Use of probiotic supplements, the benefits of which have not been proven in sportspeople, is becoming more widespread among runners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multi-strain probiotic on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and inflammation in the body. The randomised, double-blind study included 66 long-distance runners. The intervention factor was a multi-strain probiotic or placebo. At the initial and final stages of the study, evaluation of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness was performed and the presence of inflammation determined. In the group of men using the probiotic, an increase in lean body mass (p = 0.019) and skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.022) was demonstrated, while in the group of women taking the probiotic, a decrease in the content of total body fat (p = 0.600) and visceral fat (p = 0.247) was observed. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased in women (p = 0.140) and men (p = 0.017) using the probiotic. Concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha decreased in women (p = 0.003) and men (p = 0.001) using the probiotic and in women (p = 0.074) and men (p = 0.016) using the placebo. Probiotic therapy had a positive effect on selected parameters of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of study participants and showed a tendency to reduce inflammation.

Concluding remarks

1956 ◽  
Vol 146 (922) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunological Reaction ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Purified Antigen ◽  
Circulating Antibody

In many ways immunological tolerance is an ideal subject for discussion at the present time. Experimental work has gone far enough to allow us to claim that the principle of immunological tolerance is soundly established and that we can see more or less clearly some of its implications. But obviously very much remains to be learnt of the part played by tolerance in the various fields that have been discussed. It is by no means certain that we are dealing with a single topic when we compare tolerance to homografts with inhibition of antibody production against soluble protein in a rabbit. Such a situation provides much for discussion but does not make it easy to condense or interpret that discussion. One might begin by reiterating that immunology is concerned with much more than the production and properties of typical circulating antibody. There are at least four different types of immunological reaction and there are hints of many minor differences within the main types. Pappenheimer’s recent work on the variety of responses given by a single species, man, to a single purified antigen, diphtheria toxoid, offers a characteristic example of the current trend. Chase’s experiments on the response of guinea pigs to simple allergens like picryl chloride, have been only incidentally mentioned in today’s discussion, but their importance is obvious. A form of tolerance very similar to that produced by prenatal treatment of mice can be produced by administering the allergen to adult guinea-pigs by mouth. The animals are resistant to sensitization by skin treatment and the inhibition is general and unrelated to any persistence of allergen in the body. The question immediately arises whether all forms of tolerance are basically similar or whether for each of the qualitatively distinct types of positive immunological reaction, a correspondingly distinct type of inhibition or tolerance must be sought.

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