Synthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Chick Embryo Liver

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Donaldson ◽  
Nancy S. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryo Liver ◽  
Liver Homogenates ◽  
Cyclopropene Fatty Acids

Oxidation, synthesis, and desaturation of fatty acids were assessed in chick embryos and embryonic liver. No differences in the oxidation of palmitate-1-14C and oleate-1-14C by intact embryos and embryo-liver homogenates were found. De novo fatty acid synthesis and microsomal elongation of fatty acids were detected in embryo-liver homogenates, but the activities were low as compared with chick liver. The specific activities of the mitochondrial system of fatty acid elongation were similar in embryo and chick liver. Stimulation of the desaturation of stearic acid was achieved by the substitution of glucose for fatty acids in the culture medium and abolished by the addition of cyclopropene fatty acids to the medium. The hypothesis is advanced that in chick embryos, the rate of desaturation of fatty acids synthesized de novo is less than that of postembryonic liver, and that as a consequence, the liver of embryos cannot maintain the proportion of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids found in yolk.

scholarly journals Synthesis of fatty acids in the perfused mouse liver

1974 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michael W. Salmon ◽  
Neil L. Bowen ◽  
Douglas A. Hems
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Glucose Carbon

1. Fatty acid synthesis de novo was measured in the perfused liver of fed mice. 2. The total rate, measured by the incorporation into fatty acid of3H from3H2O (1–7μmol of fatty acid/h per g of fresh liver), resembled the rate found in the liver of intact mice. 3. Perfusions with l-[U-14C]lactic acid and [U-14C]glucose showed that circulating glucose at concentrations less than about 17mm was not a major carbon source for newly synthesized fatty acid, whereas lactate (10mm) markedly stimulated fatty acid synthesis, and contributed extensive carbon to lipogenesis. 4. The identification of 50% of the carbon converted into newly synthesized fatty acid lends further credibility to the use of3H2O to measure hepatic fatty acid synthesis. 5. The total rate of fatty acid synthesis, and the contribution of glucose carbon to lipogenesis, were directly proportional to the initial hepatic glycogen concentration. 6. The proportion of total newly synthesized lipid that was released into the perfusion medium was 12–16%. 7. The major products of lipogenesis were saturated fatty acids in triglyceride and phospholipid. 8. The rate of cholesterol synthesis, also measured with3H2O, expressed as acetyl residues consumed, was about one-fourth of the basal rate of fatty acid synthesis. 9. These results are discussed in terms of the carbon sources of hepatic newly synthesized fatty acids, and the effect of glucose, glycogen and lactate in stimulating lipogenesis, independently of their role as precursors.

Study on the Mechanism of Cold Tolerance of the Strain Shewanella putrefaciens WS13 Through Fatty Acid Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1718-1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Hao Yu ◽  
Shengping Yang ◽  
Yunfang Qian ◽  
Jing Xie
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Shewanella Putrefaciens ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Key Enzymes

In order to investigate the cold tolerance mechanism of Shewanella, the whole genome of strain Shewanella putrefaciens WS13 was used to study the comparative genome related to cold tolerance of Shewanella . By comparing and analyzing the key enzymes involved in the process of lipid synthesis with those of other psychrophilic and non-psychrophilic bacteria, the results showed that in S. putrefaciens WS13, the genes fabA, fabB, fabD, fabF, fabG, fabH and fabZ, as the key enzymes of fatty acid synthesis, were found in the target strain, but the gene fabI did not exist in the type II fatty acid synthesis pathway. However, due to the absence of the key enzyme fabI gene, the synthesis process of saturated fatty acids will be blocked, and the pathway of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis still exists, which leads to the bacteria Shewanella start to synthesize a large number of unsaturated fatty acids, thus increasing the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and reducing the synthesis of saturated fatty acids. It is precisely because unsaturated fatty acids have lower phase transition temperature than that saturated fatty acids have, which can increase the fluidity of biofilm, so that Shewanella has better cold adaptability than that other bacteria have. It is a complex biological process for microorganisms to adapt to the environment, and the biosynthesis of fatty acids is only one aspect. However, the mechanism of cold adaptation of Shewanella in other aspects remains to be further discussed.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Chromerids

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1102
Author(s):  
Aleš Tomčala ◽  
Jan Michálek ◽  
Ivana Schneedorferová ◽  
Zoltán Füssy ◽  
Ansgar Gruber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Obligate Parasites ◽  
Metabolomic Data ◽  
Essential Components

Fatty acids are essential components of biological membranes, important for the maintenance of cellular structures, especially in organisms with complex life cycles like protozoan parasites. Apicomplexans are obligate parasites responsible for various deadly diseases of humans and livestock. We analyzed the fatty acids produced by the closest phototrophic relatives of parasitic apicomplexans, the chromerids Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis, and investigated the genes coding for enzymes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis in chromerids, in comparison to their parasitic relatives. Based on evidence from genomic and metabolomic data, we propose a model of fatty acid synthesis in chromerids: the plastid-localized FAS-II pathway is responsible for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids reaching the maximum length of 18 carbon units. Short saturated fatty acids (C14:0–C18:0) originate from the plastid are then elongated and desaturated in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum. We identified giant FAS I-like multi-modular enzymes in both chromerids, which seem to be involved in polyketide synthesis and fatty acid elongation. This full-scale description of the biosynthesis of fatty acids and their derivatives provides important insights into the reductive evolutionary transition of a phototropic algal ancestor to obligate parasites.

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Siwitri Kadarsih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords : 

scholarly journals Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Ma ◽  
Xinqi Cheng ◽  
Chuan Wang ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Fei Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Gene Network ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

scholarly journals Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Content and NMR Metabolic Profile of Dorper Sheep Supplemented with Bypass Fats

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1133
Author(s):  
Atique Ahmed Behan ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar ◽  
Teck Chwen Loh ◽  
Sharida Fakurazi ◽  
Ubedullah Kaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dorper Sheep

The supplementation of rumen bypass fat (RBF) has remained one of the preferred approaches used to decrease undesirable saturated fatty acids (FA) and increase beneficial unsaturated FA in the meat. This study was planned to evaluate the influences of rumen bypass fats on meat quality, fatty acid and metabolic profiles in male Dorper sheep (n = 36) with 24.66 ± 0.76 kg (mean ± standard error) initial body weight. Treatment comprised a basal diet (30:70 rice straw to concentrate) with no added RBF as a control (CON), basal diet with prilled fat (PF), basal diet with prilled fat plus lecithin (PFL) and basal diet with calcium soap of palm fatty acids (CaS). The findings revealed that cooking loss, drip loss and shear force in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were not affected by RBF supplementation, while meat pH was significantly higher in the CaS on aging day 1. However, the diet supplemented with prilled fat and lecithin modified the meat’s fatty acid profile significantly by increasing unsaturated fatty acids and decreasing saturated fats. The relative quantification of the major differentiating metabolites found in LD muscle of sheep showed that total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, choline, glycerophosphocholine and glycerophospholipids were significantly lower in CaS and PFL diets, while glycerol and sphingomyelin were significantly higher in CaS and PFL diets. Most of the metabolites in the liver did not show any significant difference. Based on our results, the supplementation of protected fats did not have a negative influence on meat quality and the meat from Dorper sheep fed prilled fat with lecithin contained more healthy fatty acids compared to other diets.

Modifying egg fatty acid content by supplementation of laying hen diets with palm olein oil (POO)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
S J Hosseini Vashan ◽  
N Afzali ◽  
A Golian ◽  
M Malekaneh ◽  
A Allahressani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Palm Olein ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Olein Oil

Palm oil is the most abundant of all oils produced globally. It is very high in saturated fatty acids specifically palmitic acid, but other fatty acids (monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated) are presented at low concentrations. In the processing plant some high amount of oleic acid with some other unsaturated fatty acids are extracted and marketed as Palm olein oil, and used to reduce blood or egg cholesterol (Rievelles et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to determine the optimum level of dietary palm olein oil required to enrich the mono-unsaturated fatty acid content of yolk, egg cholesterol and antibody titre.

Relationships between muscle membrane lipids, fiber type, and enzyme activities in sedentary and exercised rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (5) ◽  
pp. R1154-R1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Kriketos ◽  
D. A. Pan ◽  
J. R. Sutton ◽  
J. F. Hoh ◽  
L. A. Baur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Muscle Membrane

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is associated with 1) relative increases in the proportion of glycolytic and fast-twitch muscle fibers and decreases in the proportion of more oxidative fibers and 2) a higher proportion of the saturated fatty acids in membrane structural lipids. Exercise is known to improve insulin action. The aims of the current studies were 1) to investigate the relationship between muscle fiber type and membrane fatty acid composition and 2) to determine how voluntary exercise might influence both variables. In sedentary Wistar rats in experiment 1, increased amounts of unsaturated fatty acids were found in the more oxidative insulin-sensitive red quadriceps and soleus muscles, whereas reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in primarily glycolytic white quadriceps muscles. In experiment 2, voluntary running-wheel exercise by adult female rats over 45 days resulted in reduced proportions of type IIb fibers (P = 0.01) and increased proportions of type IIa/IIx fibers (P = 0.03) in extensor digitorum longus muscle. The magnitude of these changes was related to the distance run (r = -0.73, P = 0.04; r = 0.79, P = 0.02, respectively). Exercise significantly increased oxidative capacity, as assessed by the proportion of intensely NADH-stained fibers (P = 0.0004) and citrate synthase (P = 0.003) and hexokinase (P = 0.04) activities. Citrate synthase activity was also increased by exercise in soleus muscle, where, as expected, no fiber type changes were detected. No significant differences in the fatty acid profile of soleus and extensor digitorum longus were found between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

EFFECT OF ALLOXAN, INSULIN, AND THYROXINE ON CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS BY RAT LIVER HOMOGENATES

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Scaife ◽  
B. B. Migicovsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Cholesterol Synthesis ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Liver Homogenates ◽  
Vitro Effect

The in vitro effect of alloxan and insulin on the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids from 1-C14-sodium acetate by rat liver homogenates has been examined. Alloxan caused a reduction in the incorporation of acetate into cholesterol, fatty acids, and C14O2, but an increase in the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. The addition of insulin to homogenates caused a reduction in cholesterol synthesis but an increase in fatty acid synthesis both for normal and diabetic animals. Homogenates from thyrotoxic rats exhibited a marked reduction in cholesterol synthesis when compared with normal animals. C14O2 production by homogenates from starved rats was appreciably lower than for those from normal animals. With this exception no appreciable difference was found in the oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide, or C14O2 production in homogenates from normal, starved, thyroxine-treated, or diabetic animals. Synthesized cholesterol was found to be located principally in the particulate matter of the homogenates after they had been incubated with 1-C14-sodium acetate. Homogenates from starved rats showed no greater tendency to degrade preformed cholesterol during incubation than did those from normal rats.

Inhibition of ovine gastric acid secretion by intraduodenal long-chain fatty acids

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (2) ◽  
pp. G127-G133
Author(s):  
L. M. McLeay ◽  
J. M. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Conscious Sheep

Effects on ovine gastric function of procedures that increase intestinal unsaturated fatty acid content are unknown, and the present aim was to compare the effects of duodenal unsaturated and saturated fatty acids on gastric secretion in conscious sheep. During the maximal gastric secretory response to a meal, 10 ml gallbladder bile alone or with myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids and oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were infused into the duodenum at a rate of 5 g fatty acid . h-1 for 1 h. Compared with control 154 mM NaCl (100%), acid output was reduced to 4-7% of control with infusion of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids and myristic acids plus bile. Reductions in acid secretion persisted for up to 5 h from the end of infusion. In contrast, the infusion of palmitic and stearic acids with bile caused mean maximal reductions in acid output, respectively, to only 64 and 55% of control, and levels returned to control within 1 h of the end of infusion. Bile infusion alone caused no reduction in acid secretion. Under the conditions used, C18 unsaturated fatty acids and myristic acid were potent inhibitors of ovine gastric acid secretion. The lesser effects of palmitic and stearic acids were probably related to their reduced solubility and absorption.

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