Phosphonic acid analogues of carbohydrate metabolites. I. Synthesis of L- and D-dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 955-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Baer ◽  
Hemendra Basu
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Condensation Product ◽  
Triethyl Phosphite ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Diethyl Ester ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Optical Rotations ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolites

A synthesis of the phosphonic acid analogues of L-α- and D-α-glycerophosphoric acid, viz. L- and D-dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid, is described. The L-dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid was obtained by treating acetone α-iodo-L-propylene glycol with triethyl phosphite at 120–125° for 24 h, hydrolyzing the condensation product acetone L-dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid diethyl ester with 2 N sulfuric acid at 100° for 48 h, and isolating the L-dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid as barium salt. The D-dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid was prepared in the same manner from acetone α-iodo-D-propylene glycol. The barium salts are readily soluble in cold water, much less soluble in hot water, and insoluble in the more common organic solvents. Dihydroxypropylphosphonic acid and α-glycerophosphoric acid can be distinguished from each other by their different behaviors towards hot mineral acids, and by the infrared spectra, n.m.r. spectra, and optical rotations of their barium salts.

Phosphonic Acid Analogs of Carbohydrate Metabolites. IV. Synthesis of DL-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphonic Acid

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erich Baer ◽  
Ranga Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Methylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Diethyl Ester ◽  
Acid Analog ◽  
Protective Groups ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolites

A chemical synthesis of DL-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphonic acid, the phosphonic acid analog of DL-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphoric acid, is reported. It was obtained from dimer DL-glyceraldehyde by two procedures differing solely in their protective groups via the following intermediates. Procedure 1: 2,5-diiodomethyl-3,6-dimethoxy-1,4-dioxane → 2,5-bis(methylphosphonic acid diethyl ester)-3,6-dimethoxy-1,4-dioxane → 2,5-bis(methylphosphonic acid)-3,6-dimethoxy-1,4-dioxane → DL-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphonic acid. Procedure 2: 2,5-bis(p-toluenesulfonyloxymethyl)-3,6-dibenzoxy-l,4-dioxane → 2,5-diiodomethyl-3,6-dibenzoxy-l,4-dioxane → 2,5-bis(methylphosphonic acid diethyl ester)-3,6-dibenzoxy-l,4-dioxane → 2,5-bis(methylphosphonicacid)-3,6-dibenzoxy-1,4-dioxane → DL-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphonic acid.

Synthesis of Glycerol-1,3-diphosphonic Acid

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1203-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranga Robinson ◽  
Erich Baer
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Hydrobromic Acid ◽  
Condensation Product ◽  
Triethyl Phosphite ◽  
Phosphate Esters ◽  
Glyceric Acid ◽  
Diphosphonic Acid ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Acid Analogue

The synthesis of glycerol-1,3-diphosphonic acid, the phosphonic acid analogue of the naturally occurring glycerol-1,3-diphosphoric acid, is described. The phosphonic acid analogue was obtained in an overall yield of 29.7%, by heating a mixture of 1,3-dibromo-2-hexadecanoyloxypropane and triethyl phosphite to 140° for 48 h, distilling off in vacuo the excess of triethyl phosphite, hydrolyzing the condensation product, 1,3-bis(diethylphosphono)-2-hexadecanoyloxypropane, with 2 N hydrobromic acid at 100° for 5 h, and isolating the glycerol-1,3-diphosphonic acid in form of the dibarium salt. The glycerol-1,3-diphosphonate differs from glycerol-1,3-diphosphate and other phosphate esters of glycerol and glyceric acid by its greater stability towards acid hydrolysis. The glycerol-1,3-diphosphonic acid is readily distinguished from glycerol-1,3-diphosphoric acid and glycerol-1,2-diphosphoric acid by paper chromatography.

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Different Number of Fins in Circular Tube

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kamil Abdul Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Finned Tube ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Copper Tube ◽  
Smooth Tube ◽  
Tube Heat Exchanger ◽  
Mass Flow Rates ◽  
Flow Heat

Abstract-The present work investigates the enhancement of heat transfer by using different number of circular fins (8, 10, 12, 16, and 20) in double tube counter flow heat exchanger experimentally. The fins are made of copper with dimensions 66 mm OD, 22 mm ID and 1 mm thickness. Each fin has three of 14 mm diameter perforations located at 120o from each to another. The fins are fixed on a straight smooth copper tube of 1 m length, 19.9 mm ID and 22.2 mm OD. The tube is inserted inside the insulated PVC tube of 100 mm ID. The cold water is pumped around the finned copper tube, inside the PVC, at mass flow rates range (0.01019 - 0.0219) kg/s. The Reynold's number of hot water ranges (640 - 1921). The experiment results are obtained using six double tube heat exchanger (1 smooth tube and the other 5 are finned one). The results, illustrated that the heat transfer coefficient proportionally with the number of fin. The results also showed that the enhancement ratio of heat transfer for finned tube is higher than for smooth tube with (9.2, 10.2, 11.1, 12.1 13.1) times for number of fins (8, 10, 12, 16 and 20) respectively.

scholarly journals The Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on Physical Properties of Processed Amaranth and Oat Bran Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Sean X. Liu ◽  
Diejun Chen ◽  
George E. Inglett ◽  
Jingyuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Amaranth Flour

Amaranth-oat composites were developed using gluten free amaranth flour containing essential amino acids and minerals with oat products containing β-glucan, known for lowering blood cholesterol. Amaranth flour and oat bran concentrate (OBC) composites (1:4) were processed using different technologies, including dry mixing, baking, steaming, cold wet blending, and high speed homogenizing (Polytron PT6000) with cold water or hot water. The results showed that water holding capacities, pasting, and rheological properties were dramatically increased by wet blending, Polytron with cold water, and Polytron with hot water followed by drum drying. The processing procedures created dissimilar physical properties that will enhance the application of ancient grains and oat for functional foods that are suitable for people who are gluten-intolerant. In addition, the dietary fiber contents of composites were increased by the incorporation of OBC. The composites can be inexpensively prepared and processed. The new healthful products will be affordable for people who suffer from celiac disease or gluten-intolerant. These innovative gluten-free functional food products will help millions of gluten sensitive consumers enjoy heart-healthy functional foods.

scholarly journals Thermal Characteristics Analysis on Multi- Heat Pipe Induced Heat Exchanger

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Heat Pipe ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Physical Parameters

In this investigation of multi heat pipe induced in heat exchanger shows the developments in heat transfer is to improve the efficiency of heat exchangers. Water is used as a heat transfer fluid and acetone is used as a working fluid. Rotameter is set to measure the flow rate of cold water and hot water. To maintain the parameter as experimental setup. Then set the mass flow rate of hot water as 40 LPH, 60LPH, 80 LPH, 100LPH, 120 LPH and mass flow rate of cold water as 20 LPH, 30 LPH, 40 LPH, 50 LPH, and 60 LPH. Then 40 C, 45 ºC, 50 ºC, 55 C, 60 ºC are the temperatures of hot water at inlet are maintained. To find some various physical parameters of Qc , hc , Re ,, Pr , Rth. The maximum effectiveness of the investigation obtained from condition of Thi 60 C, Tci 32 C and 100 LPH mhi, 60 LPH mci the maximum effectiveness attained as 57.25. Then the mhi as 100 LPH, mci as 60 LPH and Thi at 40 C as 37.6%. It shows the effectiveness get increased about 34.3 to the maximum conditions.

scholarly journals Simulation of the effectiveness of longitudinal rectangular fins on the efficiency of the double pipe heat exchanger

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
N. F. Timerbaev ◽  
A. K. Ali ◽  
Omar Abdulhadi Mustafa Almohamed ◽  
A. R. Koryakin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tube Diameter ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Outer Tube ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Double Pipe ◽  
Central Pipe ◽  
Pipe Heat

In this article, a mathematical simulation of a double pipe heat exchanger is carried out, having the longitudinal rectangular fins with the dimension of (2*3*1000) mm, mounted on the outer surface of the inner tube of the heat exchanger. In this paper, the advantage of using of that type of fins and its effect on the effectiveness of the heat exchanger are studied with the help of the computer program. The carried out research allowsmaking the calculation to find the optimum design parameters of heat exchangers. The outer tube diameter is (34.1mm) while the inner tube diameter is (16.05mm). The tubes wall thickness is (1.5mm) and the model length was (1 m). The hot water is flowing through the inner tube in parallel with the cold water that passing the outer tube. The hot and cold water temperature at the inlet is (75°C & 30°C) respectively. The mass flow rate inside the central pipe is (0.1 kg/s) while the annular pipe carrying (0.3 kg/s). In the present work, the program ANSYS Workbench 15.0 was used to find out the results of heat transfer as well as the behavior of liquids inside the heat exchangers.

scholarly journals Antibacterial activity of ginger extracts and its essential oil on some of pathogenic bacteria

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159-1165
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria

The antimicrobial activity of ginger extracts ( cold-water, hot-water, ethanolic and essential oil ) against some of pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Salmonella sp , Klebsiella sp , Serratia marcescens, Vibrio cholerae , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus sp) was investigated using Disc diffusion method , and the results were compared with the antimicrobial activity of 12 antibiotics on the same bacteria . The results showed that the ginger extracts were more effective on gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative . V. cholerae and S. marcescens,were the most resistant bacteria to the extracts used , while highest inhibition was noticed against Streptococcus sp (28 mm) . The ethanolic extract showed the broadest antibacterial activity ( 11 to 28 mm ) , in comparison with moderate activity of essential oil , it was observed that the cold-water extract was more effective on the bacteria than hot-water extract . Ginger ethanolic extract presented higher diameter of inhibition zone for Streptococcus sp than in Ciprofloxacin , Cefotaxime , Cefalotin , Cephalexin and Cephaloridine , also it was found a similarity between the higher inhibition zones of ethanolic extract of ginger and some antibiotics for S. aureus , E. coli , Salmonella sp and Klebsiella sp . V. cholerae and S. marcescens,also highly resistant to antibiotics . Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of ginger revealed the present of glycosides, terpenoids, flavonids and phenolic compounds

scholarly journals Potassium Recovery Potential of Selected Agroforestry and Organic Wastes in Ibadan, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Akindejoye F. ◽  
Hammed T.B. ◽  
Sridhar M.K.C.
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Recovery Potential ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Coconut Fibre ◽  
Mineral Concentrations

This study explored potassium recovery from agroforestry wastes that may be a cheap alternative to imported ones. The wastes: Plantain Peel (PP), Coconut Fibre (CF), Coconut Shell (CS), Cocoa Pod (CP), Sugarcane Bagasse (SB), Sawdust (SD) and four common wood-fuel species - Antiaris toxicaria (Wd1), Cordia millenii (Wd2), Khayas senegalensis (Wd3) and Milicia excelsa (Wd4) were assessed for their ash content (AC) and moisture content (MC), using standard procedures of AOAC. Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine mineral concentrations: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, lead and iron of the wastes. In addition, efficacy of three methods of extracting potassium from ashes: cold water extraction at 35 OC, hot water extraction at 90 OC and steam extraction was assessed. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation test at p˂0.05. Wastes with highest values in terms of AC and MC were: CP (AC- 11.62 ± 0.3 %) and SB (MC- 82 ± 2.64 %). The highest concentration of K (mg·kg -1 ) was found in CP (8,387.50 ± 2.00 mg·kg-1 ). Cold water extraction gave the most potassium yield (88.44 %) and the highest solid potash content was found in PP (68 500 mg·kg -1 ) while CP had the highest K concentration (12.51±0.20 g·dm-3 ). Cocoa pod, plantain peel and Cordia millenii are very good sources of agroforestry/organic wastes for local production of potassium both in terms of solid potash yield and potassium recovery potential. Development of a suitable technology which can be used to extract potassium locally is recommended.

scholarly journals Effect of pre-sowing treatments and growing media on seed germination and seedling growth of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 860-863
Author(s):  
Naresh Kumar ◽  
A. K. Handa ◽  
Inder Dev ◽  
Asha Ram ◽  
A. R. Uthappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Albizia Lebbeck ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Hard Seed Coat

The seeds of Albizia lebbeck have been observed to exhibit physical dormancy due to presence of hard seed-coat. To overcome this problem, the seeds were subjected to seven pre-sowing treatments viz., T1-immersion of seeds in cold water for 12 h; T2-immersion of seeds in cold water for 24 h; T3-immersion of seeds in hot water (100 °C) and subsequent cooling at room temperature for 12 h; T4-immersion of seeds in hot water (100 °C) and subsequent cooling at room temperature for 24 h; T5-immersion of seeds in cold water for 12 h followed by immersion in hot water (100 °C) and allowed to cool for 1 h; T6-immersion of seeds in cold water for 24 h followed by immersion in hot water (100 °C) and allowed to cool for 1 h. Untreated seeds served as control (T0). Treatment T3 gave highest germination (96%) which was comparable with T5 (95 %), T4 (94 %) and T6 (93%). Nine growing media viz., T1: soil,  T2: soil+sand (2:1), T3: soil+perlite (2:1), T4: soil+Farm Yard Manure (FYM) (2:1), T5: soil+vermicompost (2:1), T6: soil+sand+FYM (1:1:1), T7: soil+sand+vermicompost (1:1:1), T8: soil+perlite+FYM (1:1:1) and T9: soil+perlite+ vermicompost (1:1:1) were, also, studied for their effect on seedling growth of A. lebbeck. Among these media, maximum values of shoot length (23.82 cm), root length (21.14 cm), collar diameter (3.59 mm) and seedling quality index (0.350) were observed in T7.

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