EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL STATE ON HORMONAL REGULATION OF LIVER ENZYMES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1548-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Weber ◽  
R. L. Singhal ◽  
S. K. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Gluconeogenic Enzymes ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Acute Starvation ◽  
Gluconeogenic Enzyme

The ability of enzyme-forming systems to meet the challenge of starvation and produce vital metabolites for maintaining homeostasis was studied. The preferential maintenance of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes in starvation can be blocked by hypophysectomy and also by inhibitors of protein synthesis, actinomycin and ethionine. Starvation, cortisone, and triamcinolone were capable of inducing a pronounced increase in the incorporation of orotate into hepatic RNA. Actinomycin administration blocked the starvation- and steroid-induced rise in RNA specific activity. The glucocorticoid hormone induced increase in enzyme biosynthesis and the rise in free amino acid level were rapidly blocked by actinomycin and ethionine and were affected also by starvation.In the adaptation of the organism to acute starvation the hepatic enzyme-forming systems are regulated by the interplay of two hormones to produce a preferential maintenance of key gluconeogenic enzymes. Insulin, a suppressor of biosynthesis of gluconeogenic enzymes, is known to decrease in amount during starvation. Under the same circumstances glucocorticoid hormones, which are inducers of the biosynthesis of gluconeogenic enzymes, are present and thought to be responsible for the preferential maintenance of key gluconeogenic enzyme activities, thus ensuring adequate blood glucose levels in starvation.

Predictive Neural Networks for Learning the Time Course of Blood Glucose Levels from the Complex Interaction of Counterregulatory Hormones

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Prank ◽  
Clemens Jürgens ◽  
Alexander von zur Mühlen ◽  
Georg Brabant
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread disease associated with an impaired hormonal regulation of normal blood glucose levels. Patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who practice conventional insulin therapy are at risk of developing hypoglycemia (low levels of blood glucose), which can lead to severe dysfunction of the central nervous system. In large retrospective studies, up to approximately 4% of deaths of patients with IDDM have been attributed to hypoglycemia (Cryer, Fisher, & Shamoon, 1994; Tunbridge, 1981; Deckert, Poulson, & Larsen, 1978). Thus, a better understanding of the complex hormonal interaction preventing hypoglycemia is crucial for treatment. Experimental data from a study on insulin-induced hypoglycemia in healthy subjects are used to demonstrate that feedforward neural networks are capable of predicting the time course of blood glucose levels from the complex interaction of glucose counterregulatory (glucose-raising) hormones and insulin. By simulating the deficiency of single hormonal factors in this regulatory network, we found that the predictive impact of glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone secretion, but not of cortisol and norepinephrine, were dominant in restoring normal levels of blood glucose following hypoglycemia.

Adaptation, constraint, and the function of the gluconeogenic pathway

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1059-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Moon
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Metabolic Sequence ◽  
Gluconeogenic Enzyme ◽  
Quantitative Changes

Gluconeogenesis is responsible for the de novo synthesis of glucose (and glycogen) from precursors including lactate, amino acids, glycerol, and fructose. This metabolic sequence is highly constrained by design features including enzyme composition and tissue localization, but demonstrates a variety of adaptive patterns which are critical to the maintenance of blood glucose levels optimal for animal function. This review identifies the adaptive responses of gluconeogenesis when glucose levels are challenged by changes in diet (both quality and quantity) and in activity level, and by environmental disturbances. Five adaptive patterns are identified: (i) quantitative changes in gluconeogenic enzyme activities and their subcellular distribution; (ii) alterations in tissue demand for glucose; (iii) existence of in situ skeletal muscle lactate cycling; (iv) quantity and type of gluconeogenic precursors; and (v) regulation of gluconeogenesis. The validity of the omnivorous mammalian model in our understanding of gluconeogenesis is discussed.

Blood glucose replacement rates in normal and diabetic humans

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Reichard ◽  
A. Gerson Jacobs ◽  
Philip Kimbel ◽  
Norman J. Hochella ◽  
Sidney Weinhouse
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucose Carbon ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

The rate of decrease in specific activity of blood glucose following intravenous injection of uniformly C14–labeled glucose in a series of 13 nondiabetic and 19 diabetic humans was measured over periods of 3—6 hr. In the nondiabetic humans the specific activity decreased exponentially for about 3 hr, then usually slowed down gradually over the next 3 hr. From the curves obtained up to 3 hr, rates of blood glucose replacement were estimated to be 120 mg/kg/hr, with a range of from 84 to 153 mg/kg/hr. The high and fluctuating blood glucose levels of the diabetic subjects made estimations of replacement rate somewhat uncertain, but despite a wider spread of values, the average, at 109 mg/kg/hr, was not markedly different from that of the nondiabetic subjects. Mild diabetics on the whole had a lower replacement rate, whereas severe diabetics had a markedly higher replacement rate than the normal subjects. The proportion of blood glucose carbon appearing in the respiratory CO2 was also similar—in nondiabetics, 25±3%, and in diabetics, 22 ± 5%. Despite the higher glucose pool in the diabetics, the glucose spaces were about the same at 30 ± 5% and 29 ± 3%, respectively. Taking into consideration a glucose utilization rate by brain of 60—70 mg/kg/hr, the turnover data indicate that relatively little of the glucose which enters the blood in the fasting human is used by the peripheral musculature. Submitted on November 25, 1960

scholarly journals Potential role of liver enzymes for predicting elevated blood glucose levels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengna Wu ◽  
Shiyan Nian ◽  
lei feng ◽  
Xuejing Bai ◽  
Dan Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Elevated Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Background This study was to explore the potential effect of different liver enzymes on elevated blood glucose with the use of a more detailed blood glucose grouping. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 144,135 participants who had biochemical examinations from 2014–2018. Participants were classified by sex and different blood glucose levels (< 5.0 mmol/L, 5.0-5.5 mmol/L, 5.6–6.2 mmol/L, 6.3–6.9 mmol/L, and ≥ 7.0 mmol/L). The associations between liver function indicators and occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were analyzed through multivariate linear regression and multiple logistic regression. Results There was a significant difference among the biochemical indices between different blood glucose groups in males and females. Liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were independent risk factors for raised blood glucose, and there were gender differences in the predictive performance of each liver enzyme to elevated blood glucose levels. In men, GGT was the most appropriate to predict progressive elevation of blood glucose or T2DM risk, and ALT and ALP may only be applicable to the prediction of impaired fasting glucose (IFG). By contrast, ALT and ALP were the most appropriate enzymes for the prediction of the risk of elevated blood glucose or T2DM in women, and AST and GGT may only be appropriate for the prediction of IFG. Conclusions Liver enzymes were independent risk factors for elevated blood glucose. There were gender differences in the role of each liver enzyme for elevated blood glucose. GGT was more suitable as a predictor for dynastic elevated blood glucose in men, whereas for women, ALT and ALP were more suitable.

scholarly journals Simulation of glucose regulating mechanism with an agent-based software engineering tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Sevcan Emek ◽  
Vedat Evren ◽  
Şebnem Bora
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Software Engineering ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Negative Feedback Control

This study provides a detailed explanation of a regulating mechanism of the blood glucose levels by an agent-based software engineering tool. Repast Simphony which is used in implementation of this study is an agent-based software engineering tool based on the object-oriented programming using Java language. Agent-based modeling and simulation is a computational methodology for simulating and exploring phenomena that includes a large set of active components represented by agents. The agents are main components situated in space and time of agent-based simulation environment. In this study, we present hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels by our improved agent-based control mechanism. Hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels is an important process to maintain homeostasis inside the human body. We offer a negative feedback control mechanism with agent-based modeling approach to regulate the secretion of insulin hormone which is responsible for increasing the blood glucose levels. The negative feedback control mechanism run by three main agents that interact with each other to perform their local actions in the simulation environment. The result of this study shows the local behavior of the agents in the negative feedback loop and illustrates how to balance the blood glucose levels. Finally, this study which is thought a potential implementation of agent-based modeling and simulation may contribute to the exploration of other homeostatic control systems inside the human body.

Effects of Maternal Flaxseed Supplementation on Female Offspring of Diabetic Rats in Serum Concentration of Glucose, Insulin, and Thyroid Hormones

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Akemi Suzuki ◽  
André Manoel Correia-Santos ◽  
Gabriela Câmara Vicente ◽  
Luiz Guillermo Coca Velarde ◽  
Gilson Teles Boaventura
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Flaxseed Oil ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Flaxseed Flour ◽  
Maternal Consumption

Abstract. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal consumption of flaxseed flour and oil on serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormones of the adult female offspring of diabetic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were induced to diabetes by a high-fat diet (60%) and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg). Rats were mated and once pregnancy was confirmed, were divided into the following groups: Control Group (CG): casein-based diet; High-fat Group (HG): high-fat diet (49%); High-fat Flaxseed Group (HFG): high-fat diet supplemented with 25% flaxseed flour; High-fat Flaxseed Oil group (HOG): high-fat diet, where soya oil was replaced with flaxseed oil. After weaning, female pups (n = 6) from each group were separated, received a commercial rat diet and were sacrificed after 180 days. Serum insulin concentrations were determined by ELISA, the levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined by chemiluminescence. Results: There was a significant reduction in body weight at weaning in HG (−31%), HFG (−33%) and HOG (44%) compared to CG (p = 0.002), which became similar by the end of 180 days. Blood glucose levels were reduced in HFG (−10%, p = 0.044) when compared to CG, and there was no significant difference between groups in relation to insulin, T3, T4, and TSH after 180 days. Conclusions: Maternal severe hyperglycemia during pregnancy and lactation resulted in a microsomal offspring. Maternal consumption of flaxseed reduces blood glucose levels in adult offspring without significant effects on insulin levels and thyroid hormones.

Intraoperative Changes in Blood Glucose Levels Increase the Risk of Death in Cardiac Surgery

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hager ◽  
E Giorni ◽  
A Felli ◽  
B Mora ◽  
M Hiesmayr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels
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