THE ENZYMATIC ESTERIFICATION OF ETHANOL WITH FATTY ACIDS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1223-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Newsome ◽  
J. B. M. Rattray
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Ethanol Level ◽  
General Order ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
High Ethanol ◽  
Acid Substrate ◽  
Factor Governing

Some characteristics of the system present in pancreatin responsible for the enzymatic esterification of ethanol with fatty acids were examined. Definite pH optima were found for different fatty acids in the pH range 5.5–6.1. At a relatively high ethanol level and with a low fixed fatty acid concentration at pH 6.1, the degree of esterification was oleic = linolenic > linoleic > arachidonic > myristic > palmitic > stearic. At various acid concentrations the same general order of specificity was observed but to differing extents. The physical state of dispersion of the fatty acid in the incubation medium appeared to be a major factor governing the fatty acid specificity for esterification of ethanol. Evidence for the possible occurrence of more than one enzyme activity functioning on fatty acid substrate in different dispersion states was obtained and discussed.

scholarly journals The genetic requirements of fatty acid import by Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniya V Nazarova ◽  
Christine R Montague ◽  
Lu Huang ◽  
Thuy La ◽  
David Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Genes ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Human Macrophages ◽  
Fatty Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Substrate

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) imports and metabolizes fatty acids to maintain infection within human macrophages. Although this is a well-established paradigm, the bacterial factors required for fatty acid import are poorly understood. Previously, we found that LucA and Mce1 are required for fatty acid import in Mtb (Nazarova et al., 2017). Here, we identified additional Mtb mutants that have a reduced ability to import a fluorescent fatty acid substrate during infection within macrophages. This screen identified the novel genes as rv2799 and rv0966c as be necessary for fatty acid import and confirmed the central role for Rv3723/LucA and putative components of the Mce1 fatty acid transporter (Rv0200/OmamB, Rv0172/Mce1D, and Rv0655/MceG) in this process.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Substrate Specificities of Human Prostaglandin-endoperoxide H Synthase-1 and −2

1995 ◽  
Vol 270 (33) ◽  
pp. 19330-19336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Laneuville ◽  
Debra K. Breuer ◽  
Naxing Xu ◽  
Z. H. Huang ◽  
Douglas A. Gage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Substrate Specificities ◽  
Prostaglandin Endoperoxide ◽  
Endoperoxide H Synthase ◽  
Acid Substrate

Fatty-Acid Substrate Interactions with Cyclo-oxygenases

2000 ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Smith ◽  
C. J. Rieke ◽  
E. D. Thuresson ◽  
A. M. Mulichak ◽  
R. M. Garavito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Substrate Interactions ◽  
Acid Substrate

scholarly journals Crystal Structure of H2O2-dependent Cytochrome P450SPαwith Its Bound Fatty Acid Substrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 286 (34) ◽  
pp. 29941-29950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Fujishiro ◽  
Osami Shoji ◽  
Shingo Nagano ◽  
Hiroshi Sugimoto ◽  
Yoshitsugu Shiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Acid Substrate

The Formation of Stable Fatty Acid Substrate Complexes in Prostaglandin H2 Synthase-1

2000 ◽  
Vol 380 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G. Malkowski ◽  
M.J. Theisen ◽  
A. Scharmen ◽  
R.M. Garavito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Acid Substrate

High levels of fatty acids increase contractile function of neonatal rabbit hearts during reperfusion following ischemia

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (5) ◽  
pp. H1426-H1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Ito ◽  
Jagdip S. Jaswal ◽  
Victoria H. Lam ◽  
Tatsujiro Oka ◽  
Liyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Recovery Of Function ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Palmitate Oxidation ◽  
Neonatal Heart ◽  
Atp Generation

In the neonatal heart the transition from using carbohydrates to using fatty acids has not fully matured and oxidative metabolism/ATP generation may be limiting contractile function after ischemia. This study tested the hypothesis that increasing fatty acid availability increases recovery of left ventricular (LV) work by increasing palmitate oxidation, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, and ATP generation. Isolated working hearts from 7-day-old rabbits were perfused with Krebs solution containing low (0.4 mM) or high (2.4 mM) palmitate and 5.5 mM glucose. Hearts were subjected to 35-min global ischemia before 40-min reperfusion, and rates of glycolysis, glucose oxidation, and palmitate oxidation were assessed. LV work was similar before ischemia but was greater during reperfusion in hearts perfused with 2.4 mM palmitate compared with hearts perfused with 0.4 mM palmitate [6.98 ± 0.14 ( n = 15) vs. 3.01 ± 0.23 ( n = 16) mJ·beat−1·g dry wt−1; P < 0.05]. This was accompanied by increased LV energy expenditure during reperfusion [35.98 ± 0.16 ( n = 8) vs. 19.92 ± 0.18 ( n = 6) mJ·beat−1·g dry wt−1; P < 0.05]. During reperfusion the rates of palmitate oxidation [237.5 ± 28.10 ( n = 7) vs. 86.0 ± 9.7 ( n = 6) nmol·g dry wt−1·min−1; P < 0.05], total TCA cycle activity [2.65 ± 0.39 ( n = 7) vs. 1.36 ± 0.14 ( n = 6) μmol acetyl-CoA·g dry wt−1·min−1; P < 0.05], and ATP generation attributable to palmitate oxidation [26.6 ± 3.1 ( n = 7) vs. 12.6 ± 1.7 ( n = 6) μmol·g dry wt−1·min−1; P < 0.05] were greater in hearts perfused with 2.4 mM palmitate. These data indicate that the neonatal heart has decreased energy reserve, and, in contrast to the mature heart, increasing availability of fatty acid substrate increases energy production and improves recovery of function after ischemia.

The influence of starvation and natural refeeding on the rate of triacylglycerol/fatty acid substrate cycling in brown adipose tissue and different white adipose sites of the rat in vivo. The role of insulin and the sympathetic nervous system

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart W. Mercer ◽  
Dermot H. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Acute Increase ◽  
Acid Substrate

Triacylglycerol/fatty acid substrate cycling was measured in vivo in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) of fed, starved and refed rats. Starvation (24 h) significantly decreased the rate of cycling in BAT, and refeeding chow diet led to a rapid, 6-fold increase in cycling. Cycling rate in WAT was much lower than in BAT, and was not influenced by fasting or refeeding. Similar rates of cycling were found in epididymal, mesenteric, subcutaneous, and scapular WAT depots. Sympathetic denervation of interscapular BAT abolished the response of the tissue to refeeding, as did acute suppression of insulin secretion. Similarly, rats fasted for 3 days showed no acute increase in the activity of the cycle following refeeding.

scholarly journals Mechanism and dynamics of fatty acid photodecarboxylase

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 372 (6538) ◽  
pp. eabd5687
Author(s):  
D. Sorigué ◽  
K. Hadjidemetriou ◽  
S. Blangy ◽  
G. Gotthard ◽  
A. Bonvalet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Intermediates ◽  
Radical Intermediate ◽  
Fatty Acid Substrate ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Conserved Residues ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chlorella Variabilis ◽  
Substrate Stabilization ◽  
Acid Substrate

Fatty acid photodecarboxylase (FAP) is a photoenzyme with potential green chemistry applications. By combining static, time-resolved, and cryotrapping spectroscopy and crystallography as well as computation, we characterized Chlorella variabilis FAP reaction intermediates on time scales from subpicoseconds to milliseconds. High-resolution crystal structures from synchrotron and free electron laser x-ray sources highlighted an unusual bent shape of the oxidized flavin chromophore. We demonstrate that decarboxylation occurs directly upon reduction of the excited flavin by the fatty acid substrate. Along with flavin reoxidation by the alkyl radical intermediate, a major fraction of the cleaved carbon dioxide unexpectedly transformed in 100 nanoseconds, most likely into bicarbonate. This reaction is orders of magnitude faster than in solution. Two strictly conserved residues, R451 and C432, are essential for substrate stabilization and functional charge transfer.

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