ENZYMATIC AND METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS: I. CHANGES IN INTACT RATS SUBJECTED TO DIETARY MODIFICATIONS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Willmer ◽  
T. S. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Hepatic Enzymes ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Hepatic Oxidation ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Oxidation Of Glucose ◽  
Dietary Modifications ◽  
Enzyme Changes ◽  
Intact Rats

A study of hepatic enzymes concerned in glucose metabolism was made after transfer of rats from a standard laboratory ration to three experimental diets. The change to two high-carbohydrate diets resulted in elevated levels of enzymes of the hexosemonophosphate shunt. Glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomu-tase, and phosphoglucoseisomerase exhibited an initial transitory decrease in activity, succeeded by restoration to normal or above-normal levels. Animals fed a low-glucose diet showed a tendency towards decreased activity of all enzymes except glucose-6-phosphatase. Hepatic oxidation of glucose-1-C14and glucose-6-C14and liver glycogen levels were also measured. These results are discussed in relation to the observed enzyme changes.

ENZYMATIC AND METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS: I. CHANGES IN INTACT RATS SUBJECTED TO DIETARY MODIFICATIONS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 953-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Willmer ◽  
T. S. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Hepatic Enzymes ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Hepatic Oxidation ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
Oxidation Of Glucose ◽  
Dietary Modifications ◽  
Enzyme Changes ◽  
Intact Rats

A study of hepatic enzymes concerned in glucose metabolism was made after transfer of rats from a standard laboratory ration to three experimental diets. The change to two high-carbohydrate diets resulted in elevated levels of enzymes of the hexosemonophosphate shunt. Glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoglucomu-tase, and phosphoglucoseisomerase exhibited an initial transitory decrease in activity, succeeded by restoration to normal or above-normal levels. Animals fed a low-glucose diet showed a tendency towards decreased activity of all enzymes except glucose-6-phosphatase. Hepatic oxidation of glucose-1-C14and glucose-6-C14and liver glycogen levels were also measured. These results are discussed in relation to the observed enzyme changes.

ENZYMATIC AND METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS: II. CHANGES IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS SUBJECTED TO DIETARY MODIFICATIONS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 961-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Willmer ◽  
T. S. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Oxidation Of Glucose ◽  
Dietary Modifications ◽  
Enzyme Patterns ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats ◽  
Intact Rats

Changes in the activity of five liver enzymes in adrenalectomized rats were observed during adaptation to three experimental diets. Considerable differences were observed between these results and those obtained from intact rats, some of the changes being attributable to limitations of caloric intake. Differences between adrenalectomized and unoperated animals were also demonstrated in the rates of oxidation of glucose-1-C14 and glucose-6-C14.Partial restoration of normal adaptive enzyme patterns was accomplished by treatment with individual adrenal cortical steroids. Hydrocortisone was found to be the most effective steroid used in this respect.

ENZYMATIC AND METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS: II. CHANGES IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS SUBJECTED TO DIETARY MODIFICATIONS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 961-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Willmer ◽  
T. S. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Partial Restoration ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Oxidation Of Glucose ◽  
Dietary Modifications ◽  
Enzyme Patterns ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats ◽  
Intact Rats

Changes in the activity of five liver enzymes in adrenalectomized rats were observed during adaptation to three experimental diets. Considerable differences were observed between these results and those obtained from intact rats, some of the changes being attributable to limitations of caloric intake. Differences between adrenalectomized and unoperated animals were also demonstrated in the rates of oxidation of glucose-1-C14 and glucose-6-C14.Partial restoration of normal adaptive enzyme patterns was accomplished by treatment with individual adrenal cortical steroids. Hydrocortisone was found to be the most effective steroid used in this respect.

Effects of thyroid hormones on urinary and renal kallikreins

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. E430-E434
Author(s):  
S. Avigdor ◽  
F. Alhenc-Gelas ◽  
J. Bouhnik
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Urinary Kallikrein ◽  
Single Measurement ◽  
Kidney Weight ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration ◽  
Renal Kallikrein ◽  
Enzyme Changes ◽  
Intact Rats

The effects of thyroid hormones on the urinary excretion of kallikrein and on renal kallikrein were studied in rats. Total and active urinary kallikrein was decreased after thyroidectomy, but renal kallikrein content remained unchanged. Diuresis increased, and kidney weight and plasma aldosterone concentration decreased. Treatment with 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine restored the urinary kallikrein in thyroidectomized rats to normal and increased it in intact rats. It also produced increases in kidney weight and plasma aldosterone and a decrease in diuresis. The effect of thyroid hormones on the urinary kallikrein response to mineralocorticoids was also tested. Deoxycorticosterone acetate increased urinary kallikrein more in normal than in thyroidectomized rats. These results suggest that thyroidectomy decreases renal kallikrein synthesis and lowers the turnover rate of the enzyme, changes not detectable by a single measurement of the renal kallikrein content but reflected by an alteration in the urinary excretion of the enzyme. Thyroid hormones participate in the control of urinary kallikrein. This effect, however, is probably indirect and may be mediated by mineralocorticoids since thyroid function affects both the plasma level of aldosterone, which is known to influence renal kallikrein, and the kallikrein response to exogenous mineralocorticoids.

DEMONSTRATION OF A GLUCOCORTICOID-LIKE SUBSTANCE IN THE SPLEEN

1957 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gy. FAZEKAS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Splenic Tissue ◽  
Bile Pigments ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Reducing Properties ◽  
Intact Rats

SUMMARY 1. Fresh splenic tissue from pigs was extracted by the method of Swingle & Pfiffner for adrenocortical extracts, 1 ml. being equivalent to 100 g splenic tissue. 2. The material extracted was readily soluble in ethanol, benzene, acetone and water, but not in petroleum ether. It contained no protein, bile pigments, fat, fatty acids or cholesterol, and had marked reducing properties. 3. Administration of the extract to adrenalectomized male mice caused an increase, continuous with increasing dose of extract, in the glycogen content of liver and muscle. The increase in liver glycogen produced by 1·2 ml. extract was about the same as that caused by 2 mg cortisone. 4. In intact rats the extract caused an increase in blood sugar and in the glycogen content of liver and muscle. Cortisone had a similar effect. 5. Neither the splenic extract nor cortisone raised the glycogen content of the brain in adrenalectomized mice or intact rats. 6. Thus the spleen contains a substance which has a glucocorticoid-like effect on the carbohydrate metabolism of adrenalectomized and intact animals. In view of its chemical and biological properties, this substance is thought to be a glucocorticoid originating in the adrenal cortex. A substance with similar effects has been previously detected in liver, brain and muscle.

scholarly journals Detection of Nail Oncometabolite SAICAR in Oral Cancer and Its Molecular Interactions with PKM2 Enzyme

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushikesh Patel ◽  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Kiran Bharat Lokhande ◽  
K. Venkateswara Swamy ◽  
Prof. Sachin C Sarode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Oral Cancer Patients ◽  
Low Glucose

<p>Oncometabolites are known to drive metabolic adaptations in oral cancer. These oncometabolites serve as biomarkers for early detection of oral cancer. Among potential oncometabolite, SAICAR is one of them that support growth and invasiveness of cancer cells. SAICAR has been reported to activate Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) enzyme, which in turn favors the survival of cancer cells in low glucose tumor microenvironment. There is a significant gap in detection of SAICAR in biological fluids/materials including nails of oral cancer patients. </p>

UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR GLUCONEOGENETISCHEN WIRKUNG VON CORTISOL

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Meiers ◽  
W. Beien ◽  
T. Dieterich ◽  
W. Staib
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Time Limit ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Tryptophan Pyrrolase ◽  
Primary And Secondary Effects ◽  
Insulin Like Activity ◽  
Intact Rats

ABSTRACT The cortisol conditioned liver glycogen development was investigated within a time limit through the use of intact starved rats, which were made artificial diabetics with alloxan, and which were adrenalectomized. The liver glycogen and blood glucose concentration showed after one oral insertion of cortisol phased changes, which indicates endocrine counter-reactions. The insulin-like activity in plasma which was investigated through the use of intact rats showed an increase, while the cortisol conditioned induction of the liver – tryptophan-pyrrolase from endocrine regulations was not influenced, the cortisol conditioned liver glycogen development represented itself as a combined reaction of primary and secondary effects. An insular reaction obviously follows a primary gluconeogenetic one. Then an adrenalic counter-regulation results. These factors ascertain the degree and duration of the liver glycogen sedimentation.

Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and Regulation of Hepatic Glucose Metabolism

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1005-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Singhal ◽  
M. R. Parulekar ◽  
G. M. Ling
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Hepatic Enzymes ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells ◽  
Metabolic Derangement ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Glucose ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes

Three days after a single injection of streptozotocin (7.0 mg/100 g) rats showed hyperglycemia, depletion of liver glycogen, and changes in the activities of several important hepatic enzymes involved in the synthesis and utilization of glucose. The observed metabolic changes were completely reversed following administration of insulin. The insulin-induced rise in the activities of certain hepatic enzymes was inhibited by cycloheximide. The results suggest that streptozotocin can replace alloxan as a potent cytotoxic agent for pancreatic β-cells for investigating the metabolic derangement seen during diabetes.

scholarly journals Indispensable Role of HIF-1α Signaling in Post-implantation Survival and Angio-/Vasculogenic Properties of SHED

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Han ◽  
Qixin Chen ◽  
Lili Zhang ◽  
Waruna Lakmal Dissanayaka
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell Proliferation ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Glut1 Expression ◽  
Low Glucose ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Post Implantation ◽  
Proliferation And Migration

ObjectivesPost-implantation survival and timely vascularization of stem-cell based constructs are critical factors in achieving successful outcomes in tissue regeneration approaches. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is known to mediate adaptive functions to ischemic stress in many different cell types. The current study aimed to explore the role of HIF-1α in post-implantation survival and angio-/vasculogenesis of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED).MethodsHIF-1α in SHED was suppressed using siRNA or chemical inhibitor (YC-1) and used in Matrigel plug assay conducted on severe combined immunodeficient mice. The plugs were retrieved on day 3 or 7 post-injection and analyzed for hypoxia status, ki67 expression, DNA fragmentation (TUNEL), cellularity, and vascularization by histology and immunohistochemistry for CD31, HIF-1α, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK1), hexokinase 2 (HK2), and glucose transporter 1 (Glut1). Cell viability of HIF-1α silenced SHED under different stress conditions (hypoxia, H2O2, and low glucose) in vitro was measured by CCK-8 assay. CM-H2DCFDA and MitoSOX Red were used to detect cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, respectively. PDK1, HK2, and Glut1 expression were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Secretory protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the respective paracrine effects on endothelial cell proliferation and migration were detected by ELISA, CCK-8 assay, and trans-well assay, respectively.ResultsHistological analysis of Matrigel plugs showed significantly reduced cell survival in HIF-1α silenced or chemically inhibited SHED groups, which could be attributed to diminished metabolic adaptations as shown by decreased PDK1, HK2, and Glut1 expression. HIF-1α inhibition in SHED also resulted in significantly low blood vessel formation as observed by a low number of perfused and non-perfused vessels of human or mouse CD31 origin. The viability of HIF-1α silenced SHED was significantly affected under hypoxia, H2O2, and low-glucose conditions in vitro, which was reflected in increased cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS levels. Significantly reduced levels of VEGF in HIF-1α silenced SHED resulted in decreased paracrine angiogenic effects as shown by low proliferation and migration of endothelial cells.ConclusionHIF-1α plays an indispensable role in post-implantation survival and angio-/vasculogenic properties of SHED by maintaining ROS homeostasis, inducing metabolic adaptations, and VEGF secretion.

DYNAMICS OF HEPATIC GLYCOGEN: OESTROGEN AND PREGNANCY

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Steroid Treatment ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Oestrogen Treatment ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Glycogen Deposition ◽  
Intact Rats

ABSTRACT The effects of oestradiol (0.5 μ/rat/day) given for a variable period on rat liver were investigated, and the results were compared with those of untreated pregnant rats at different stages of pregnancy. The part played by the adrenal under these conditions was also investigated. Oestrogen treatment for 14 and 21 days in intact rats reduced the liver glycogen. A corresponding reduction in food intake was noted during these days. However, a rebound rise in liver glycogen occurred after 28 days of oestrogen administration. In contrast, the ovariectomized animals did not show any change in liver glycogen following steroid treatment. During pregnancy the total liver glycogen increased after the first week, but returned to the normal level on day twenty one. The adrenal and serum cholesterol levels in oestrogen treated and pregnant rats remained low except for an increase in serum cholesterol on day 21 of gestation and 7 days after oestrogen treatment. The study suggests that continued oestrogen treatment of non-pregnant rats probably maintains some endogenous factor(s) (progesterone) for about 21 days, which antagonizes the effect of oestrogen administration on hepatic glycogen deposition. The implications of liver glycogen changes during pregnancy in relation to progesterone levels and dietary intake are discussed.

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