CERTAIN METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CORTICOTROPIN, HYDROCORTISONE, PREDNISONE, AND ASPIRIN, IN NORMAL DOGS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1183-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. Gaebler ◽  
Rachel Glovinsky ◽  
Helen Lees ◽  
Trieste Vitti
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Hydrocortisone Acetate ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
The Difference

The losses of weight and nitrogen produced by daily doses of corticotropin (20 units), hydrocortisone acetate (15 mg.), and prednisone (10 mg.) were studied in normal bitches receiving a constant amount of food equal to that which before therapy had either maintained weight or permitted it to increase slowly. Loss of weight during therapy was accompanied by a decrease in the difference between water intake and urine volume, regardless of whether water intake rose or fell. Weight was restored fairly soon after cessation of therapy with prednisone, but not after corticotropin or hydrocortisone. The probability that calorigenic effects of these substances were involved is discussed. Aspirin (20 grains daily) increased nitrogen output, but weight, as well as the difference between water intake and urine volume, increased. The pattern of response to each of the compounds, was, in general, quite similar, but varied in detail in different animals or experiments. Effects of applying hydrocortisone ointment to affected areas in a bitch with dermatitis are also recorded. Prompt improvement was accompanied by losses of weight and nitrogen. Other instances in which the local and general effects of a hormone appear to be contradictory are cited.

CERTAIN METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CORTICOTROPIN, HYDROCORTISONE, PREDNISONE, AND ASPIRIN, IN NORMAL DOGS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1183-1188
Author(s):  
O. H. Gaebler ◽  
Rachel Glovinsky ◽  
Helen Lees ◽  
Trieste Vitti
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Hydrocortisone Acetate ◽  
Constant Amount ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
The Difference

The losses of weight and nitrogen produced by daily doses of corticotropin (20 units), hydrocortisone acetate (15 mg.), and prednisone (10 mg.) were studied in normal bitches receiving a constant amount of food equal to that which before therapy had either maintained weight or permitted it to increase slowly. Loss of weight during therapy was accompanied by a decrease in the difference between water intake and urine volume, regardless of whether water intake rose or fell. Weight was restored fairly soon after cessation of therapy with prednisone, but not after corticotropin or hydrocortisone. The probability that calorigenic effects of these substances were involved is discussed. Aspirin (20 grains daily) increased nitrogen output, but weight, as well as the difference between water intake and urine volume, increased. The pattern of response to each of the compounds, was, in general, quite similar, but varied in detail in different animals or experiments. Effects of applying hydrocortisone ointment to affected areas in a bitch with dermatitis are also recorded. Prompt improvement was accompanied by losses of weight and nitrogen. Other instances in which the local and general effects of a hormone appear to be contradictory are cited.

Angiotensin-(1-7) serves as an aquaretic by increasing water intake and diuresis in association with downregulation of aquaporin-1 during pregnancy in rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. R1073-R1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Joyner ◽  
L. A. A. Neves ◽  
K. Stovall ◽  
C. M. Ferrario ◽  
K. B. Brosnihan
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Urinary Osmolality ◽  
Aquaporin 1 ◽  
Aqp1 Expression ◽  
The Difference

We previously demonstrated that kidney and urine levels of angiotensin-(1-7) [ANG-(1-7)] were increased in pregnancy. To explore the role of ANG-(1-7) on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during pregnancy, we evaluated the effect of the ANG-(1-7) antagonist d-alanine-[ANG-(1-7)] (A-779) on kidney function. Virgin and pregnant rats received infusion of vehicle or A-779 (48 μg·kg−1·h−1) for 8 days by osmotic minipumps. Metabolic studies were done on treatment day 7–8. Virgin and pregnant rats at day 15 and 19 were killed, and blood and kidneys were collected. Kidneys were prepared for Western blot analysis for aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-2. In virgin female rats, A-779 increased urine volume and decreased urinary osmolality and AQP1 with no change in water intake. In 19-day pregnant rats, A-779 significantly decreased water intake and urine volume and increased urinary osmolality and kidney AQP1 expression. Only in late gestation did A-779 treatment decrease the difference between intake and output (balance). A-779 treatment increased plasma vasopressin in late gestation but did not change vasopressin in virgins. In virgin and pregnant animals, A-779 administration had no effect on blood pressure, plasma volume, blood volume, or urinary electrolytes. These results suggest that ANG-(1-7) produces antidiuresis associated with upregulation of AQP1 in virgin rats, whereas ANG-(1-7) produces diuresis in late gestation with downregulation of AQP1. ANG-(1-7) contributes to the enhanced water intake during pregnancy, allowing maintenance of the normal volume-expanded state despite diuresis produced in part by decreased AVP and AQP1.

scholarly journals Early Coaching to Increase Water Intake in CKD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia D. Ivanova ◽  
Anatoliy I. Gozhenko ◽  
Tommy Crestanello ◽  
Dmytro D. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Increase Water Intake ◽  
Group Randomized Trial ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Patient Reported

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> In observational studies, increased water intake improves kidney function but not in adults with CKD stage 3 and more. CKD WIT trial has shown a nonsignificant gradual decline in kidney function after 1 year of coaching to increase water intake (CIWI) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]. We propose that CIWI may benefit in CKD stage 1–2 (G1 and G2) and depends on functional renal functional reserve (RFR) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> Parallel-group randomized trial was aimed to determinate the effectiveness of CIWI dependence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) stage and RFR in adults with CKD 1–2 stages. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> CKD WIT trial was taken as the basis for prospective multicenter randomized trial named “Early Coaching to Increase Water Intake in CKD (ECIWIC).” The primary outcome was the change in kidney function by eGFR from baseline to 12 months. Secondary outcomes included 1-year change in urine albumin/Cr ratio, and patient-reported overall quality of health (QH) ranged from 0 (worst possible) to 10 (best possible). CIWI aimed to have the diuresis being 1.7–2 L. There were 4 groups with nondiet sodium restriction which consisted of 31 patients each: 2 groups with CKD G1 and CKD G2, undergoing CIWI and 2 others with CKD G1 and CKD G2 without CIWI (Fig. 1a). Overall checks were made at 0, 6, and 12 months. RFR evaluation was performed using 0.45% sodium chloride oral solution. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of our randomized 124 patients (mean age 53.2 years; men 83 [67%], 0 died), mean change in 24-h urine volume was 0.6 L per day in G1 with CIWI group and 0.5 L in G2. No statistically significant data on eGFR depending CIWI were obtained (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>b). However, the trend suggests that CIWI improves eGFR in CKD G1 (from 95 to 96 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) and preserves eGFR decline in CKD G2 (78–78). The QH values were also preserved (from 7 to 7 in G1 and G2 groups). Although coaching to maintain the same water intake did not preserve physiological and pathological eGFR decreasing in CKD G1-2 (G1 from 96 to 93, G2 from 76 to 73; <i>t</i> = 0.6, <i>p</i> = 0.29, and <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05 in all groups) and the QH was declined (from 7 to 6 in both groups). An individual analysis of the RFR has shown that patients with RFR more than 50% (G1 19 patients, 61%, and G2 13 patients, 42%) had reliable preservation of eGFR with its increase of 1.5 mL/min on CIWI, while patients with low functional renal reserve had a drop of eGFR at 1.1 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> within 12 months. Patients with low normal serum sodium levels have shown worse results on CIWI. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> With CKD G1, the CIWI leads to the preservation of the renal function with its increase of GFR per 1 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>/per year in comparison with the same water intake. In CKD G2, the CIWI prevents physiological and pathological loss of renal function, and RFR above 50% aids restoration of eGFR both in CKD G1-2. ECIWIC trial demonstrates benefit of CIWI in patients with CKD 1–2 and preserved RFR.

scholarly journals Centrally and Peripherally Administered Ghrelin Potently Inhibits Water Intake in Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 1638-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Hashimoto ◽  
Hiroaki Fujihara ◽  
Makoto Kawasaki ◽  
Takeshi Saito ◽  
Minori Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic

Ghrelin is known as a potent orexigenic hormone through its action on the brain. In this study, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) and iv injection of ghrelin on water intake, food intake, and urine volume in rats deprived of water for 24 h. Water intake that occurred after water deprivation was significantly inhibited by icv injection of ghrelin (0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/rat) in a dose-related manner, although food intake was stimulated by the hormone. The antidipsogenic effect was as potent as the orexigenic effect. Similarly, water intake was inhibited, whereas food intake was stimulated dose dependently after iv injection of ghrelin (0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/kg). The inhibition of drinking was comparable with, or even more potent than, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an established antidipsogenic hormone, when administered icv, although the antidipsogenic effect lasted longer. ANP had no effect on food intake. Urine volume decreased dose relatedly after icv injection of ghrelin but not by ANP. Intravenous injection of ghrelin had no effect on urine volume. Because drinking usually occurs with feeding, food was withdrawn to remove the prandial drinking. Then the antidipsogenic effect of ghrelin became more potent than that of ANP and continued longer than when food was available. Expression of Fos was increased in the area postrema and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius by using immunohistochemistry after icv and iv injection of ghrelin. The present study convincingly showed that ghrelin is a potent antidisogenic peptide in rats.

scholarly journals Association of Blood and Urine Parameter Value Change With the Amount of Consumed Water Regime and Sample Sampling in Healthy Individuals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana M Jovicic
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Freezing Point Depression ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urine Biomarker ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: Understanding the effect of pre-analytical factors is important for data quality of bio-specimens and health status. The study examines the effect of 9-days fluid intake and 2-time sampling on concentration changes of 7-Urine and 17-Blood variables. Material and Method: SPSS software v23.0 applies to data processing. The group of 23 healthy subjects divide based on water intake and gender. Results: A statistically significant difference(p<0.01) between 1st/2nd sampling is confirmed for Freezing point depression, Sodium, Potassium, Creatinine Urea and Urate in Urine and Urea, Urate, Glucose, Hematocrit, Thrombocyte in Blood. The difference between water intake after 1st sampling is confirmed (p<0.01) for Freezing point depression, Sodium, Urate and(p<0.05) for Potassium(p<0.05), Chloride(p<0.05), Creatinine(p<0.05), Urate, Urea in Urine and Potassium(p<0.01) and Chloride(p<0.05) in Blood. Difference between gender exists for Urea(p<0.05) in Urine after 2nd sampling and Urate(P<0.01), Glucose(p<0.01/0.05), Ht(p<0.01/0.05) after 1st and 2nd sampling and MCHC(p<0.01) after 2nd sampling in Blood samples.Conclusion: Water intake increases blood and urine biomarker range after sampling.

METABOLIC EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH UROLITHIASIS TO STUDY RISK FACTORS: A 1 YEAR PROSPECTIVE STUDY.

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-30
Author(s):  
Harshawardhan V Tanwar ◽  
Uttam Wadavkar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
Low Calcium

Introduction: Metabolic abnormalities are common cause of urolithiasis in pediatric age group. Children with urolithiasis are associated with considerable morbidity. By treating these abnormalities stone formation is prevented. Objectives: Prospective study to nd the metabolic risk factors of urolithiasis in children and compare them with literature. Materials and Methods: In open, prospective and observational study, 85 children were evaluated from August 2019 to June 2020. In all patients' dietary history, water intake and results of laboratory ndings were recorded. All urine samples obtained from patients were without dietary restrictions. Reference pediatric 24 hour urinary parameter was used according to western literature. Results: We investigated 85 patients with urolithiasis. Low urine volume was found in 52 patients which is comparable with previous studies indicating simple intervention as to increase water intake. Low calcium intake was found in 48 patients suggesting that low calcium intake is associated with higher incidence of urolithiasis due to increased intestinal oxalate absorption. Hypocalcaemia was found in 34 patients and 24 hour urinary abnormality was found in only 18 patients'. Both these nding does not support previous literature. Stone analysis nding does not correlate with urinary nding. Conclusions: Hypocalcaemia is major metabolic abnormality in contradiction to western literature. Low urine volume secondary to low water intake is predominant nding .There are no nomograms for urinary excretion of Calcium, uric acid, oxalate and citrate in Indian children. Keeping the optimum blood calcium level & increased uid intake can prevent stone formation in children.

Diuretic activities of fayiren and coix seed in normal rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Hong ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Weiqi Liu ◽  
Longxue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Total Output ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Coix Seed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Background Coix seed is a traditional Chinese medicine with pharmacological effects and food efficacy. It is well-know and widely used in China and other Asian countries. Fayiren is a new artillery material processed from Coix Seed. This is the first study of the diuretic activities of Fayiren and coix seed in normal rats. Methods Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (8 rats/group) according to body mass and urine volume stratification, namely model (physiological saline) group, positive control (furosemide 20 mg/kg) group, coix seed (1666 mg/kg) group, low-dose of Fayiren group (166 mg/kg) and high-dose Fayiren group (1666 mg/kg). Rats were fasted for 16 h before the experiment, with normal water supply. Immediately after administration, each group of rat was placed in a metabolic cage, and urine was collected once after every hour for a total of 6 times. The urine volume at each time point for collection was measured, and then totaled. After the 6 h recording procedure, the treatments were administered once a day and the urine was collected at the 24th, 48th, 72th, 96th, 110th, 134th, and 158th hours from the start respectively. The urine pH and Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Cl - concentrations at each time point of each group of rats were measured. The contents of ALD, ANP, ADH, Na+-K+-ATPase, the gene expression and protein levels of AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3 in urine of rats in each group were determined. SPSS22.0 statistical software was used to analyze the experimental data. One way ANOVA and multiple comparisons between LSD groups were performed. The difference is considered significant When p < 0.05 or p < 0.01. Results After the administration of Fayiren and coix seed, compared with normal rats, the total output of urine in the high-dose coix seed & Fayiren group and the positive control group both increased; In addition, the contents of Na+ and Cl-in urine in these groups increased as well. However, the content of K+ did not increase in all groups. Contents of ALD and ADH was decreased and increased contents of ANP observed in urine in both high-dose and low-dose Fayiren groups with significant differences from model group (P < 0.05). Coix seed significantly reduced ADH and increased ANP levels compared with model group (P < 0.05). There was no obvious change in the urine pH content in urine of all rats. All the aquaporin (AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3) contents were decreased comparing to the model group, the coix seed group, as well as the Fayiren group. The effect of coix seed was particularly notable on AQP2, and the difference was significant against the Furosemide group (P < 0.05). By contrast, Fayiren showed greater effects on AQP1 and AQP3, with statistically significant difference comparing to the model group (P༜0.05). Conclusions This study will provide experimental evidence for explaining the different mechanisms of diuretic effects in natural medicine use of coix seed and artillery material processed from Coix Seed. The Fayiren may affect the reabsorption of water in the kidney through mechanisms related to increased ANP secretion,decreased ALD and ADH secretion in urine, and it significantly affect the expression of aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 3. However, coix seed may increase ANP but decreased ADH secretion, further affecting the expression of aquaporin2 and exert diuretic effect.

Measurement of total energy and material balance in rats by means of doubly labeled water

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Lee ◽  
Nathan Lifson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Water Output ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Metabolism Chamber

A test has been carried out in rats of the possibility of measuring with the aid of doubly labeled water (D2O18) the following components of the material balance of an animal: output of CO2 and water; intake of oxygen, food and water. The items of information used for the measurement were a) isotopic analyses of initial and final blood samples, b) composition of the diet with respect to percentage protein, carbohydrate and fat, c) initial and final body weight, d) final percentage body water. Initial percentage body water obtained from a by the volume of dilution principle could substitute for d. CO2 and water output were estimated isotopically; O2 consumption, from the CO2 output and dietary R. Q.; food intake, from CO2 output and dietary composition; water intake, from the difference between water output and dietary metabolic water. A rough correction for storage of materials was made from the change in body weight. The average difference between observed values for each of the above components of the material balance and values calculated by the isotope procedure was less than 10%. The fact that dry air was supplied to the animal in the metabolism chamber used to obtain the observed values probably favored better agreement between calculated and observed values for water intake and output than would prevail in ordinary moist air.

scholarly journals A Lower Sodium Neapolitan Pizza Prepared with Seawater in Place of Salt: Nutritional Properties, Sensory Characteristics, and Metabolic Effects

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3533
Author(s):  
Paola Iaccarino Idelson ◽  
Ornella Russo ◽  
Roberto Iacone ◽  
Lanfranco D’Elia ◽  
Rosalba Giacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Food Composition Tables ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics

Seawater is rich in minerals which may help confer good palatability to foods, favouring the use of smaller amounts of salt, a recognized measure of cardiovascular prevention. The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional properties, sensory characteristics and metabolic effects of a typical Neapolitan pizza prepared with seawater (SWP) in place of common salt, in comparison with Standard traditional Pizza (StP). The nutritional characteristics and the chemical profile of the SWP and StP were assessed by chemical analyses and the use of Food Composition Tables. Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited for a Randomized Controlled Trial, with the consumption of one StP and one SWP using a balanced crossover design. The satiating power and palatability of the two pizzas were tested by the administration of Visual Analogue Scales. Serum glucose, insulin and sodium were measured every 30 min and 3 h urines were collected after each meal. SWP contained nearly 50% less NaCl and a larger amount of micronutrients compared with StP. No significant differences were detected between the two pizzas with regard to satiating power, pleasantness and glycemic and insulinemic response. However, a significant difference was found in the urine volume collected over the 3 h after the two meals (194 mL after StP vs. 292 mL after SWP, p = 0.018) and in the 3 h sodium balance (+1.6 g after StP vs. +0.5 g after SWP, p = 0.002). Conclusions: SWP appears to be a food with favourable nutritional characteristics, very good acceptability and healthy metabolic properties: these results warrant confirmation by a larger intervention trial.

scholarly journals AMELIORATION OF GENTAMICIN-INDUCED RENAL DAMAGE IN RATS BY ETHANOL EXTRACT OF THE WHOLE PLANT BIOPHYTUM SENSITIVUM (LINN.) DC

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Abhirama B. R. ◽  
Shanmuga Sundaram R ◽  
Raju A
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Group Ii

Objective: Present study was undertaken to investigate the nephroprotective activity of whole plant ethanol extract of Biophytum sensitivum Linn. DC (B. sensitivum; EEBS) on gentamicin induced-nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats.Methods: Animals were divided into five groups, containing six animals in each. Gentamicin (GM) 100 mg/kg/d; i. p., was given to all groups except normal control to induce nephrotoxicity for a period of 8 d in rats. Animals in Group I served as control and Group II as GM-treated or nephrotoxic control. Group III received standard quercetin (50 mg/kg; p. o.); group IV received EEBS (250 mg/kg; p. o.) and group V received EEBS (500 mg/kg; p. o.), for 8 d. Several renal functional tests and injury markers such as a change in body weight, water intake, urine volume and pH, urinary levels of total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were measured. Different hematological parameters including, red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), white blood corpuscles (WBC), lymphocyte, monocyte, polymorphs and eosinophil were also analyzed.Results: The results revealed that co-administration of EEBS at 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced the urinary excretion of total protein (4.05±0.04, 3.53±0.05 g/dl), albumin (0.81±0.08, 0.71±0.00 g/dl), calcium (8.05±0.05, 7.81±0.06 mg/dl) and magnesium (0.79±0.05, 0.77±0.06 mg/dl) respectively. EEBS treatment in group IV and V animals produced a significant increase in body weight (2.58±0.17, 2.52±0.22 g), water intake (17.35±0.82, 17.87±0.86 ml/24 h) urine output (7.24±0.15, 7.88±0.08 ml/24 h), compared to animals in group II. Co-therapy with both doses of extracts also showed significant increase in RBC (6.85±0.31, 7.10±0.43 million/mm3) Hb (13.96±0.21, 13.83±0.31 g/dl), MCH (20.45±0.49, 20.67±0.51 pg) and PCV (38.29±0.42, 38.53±0.20%) levels, whereas WBC (8.24±0.21, 8.15±0.10 1X103/mm3) and polymorphs (14.19±0.20, 14.05±0.11%) levels were found to be significantly reduced respectively in animals than those in toxic control group.Conclusion: This study substantiated and confirmed the ethnomedical usefulness of B. sensitivum as a nephroprotective and antioxidant agent.

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