THE CONVERSION OF FAT TO CARBOHYDRATE DURING EMBRYONATION OF ASCARIS EGGS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 511-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Passey ◽  
Donald Fairbairn
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds

While ascaris eggs developed to the vermiform stage (10 days) both lipids and carbohydrates (glycogen and trehalose) decreased in amount. During the next 15 days, in which the embryo became infective, lipids continued to decrease, but at a greater rate, whereas carbohydrate was completely resynthesized. Examination of the possible sources of the required carbon revealed that protein, non-protein nitrogenous compounds, phosphorus compounds, metabolic acids, glycerol, and volatile acids occurring in the triglycerides were not adequate and that carbon dioxide was not extensively fixed. Direct evidence for the conversion of triglyceride acids to carbohydrate was furnished by the increase in lipid-free dry weight, which corresponded closely with the increase in carbohydrate. Moreover, the amount of lipid carbon which disappeared was equal to the sum of the carbon dioxide and carbohydrate carbon which appeared, and oxygen consumption was insufficient to account for the complete combustion of lipid carbon. It was concluded that the carbon of partially oxidized fragments of fatty acids, possibly acetylcoenzyme A, was incorporated into glycogen and trehalose, and hence that ascaris eggs in this stage of their development were able to bring about a net conversion of fat to carbohydrate.

THE CONVERSION OF FAT TO CARBOHYDRATE DURING EMBRYONATION OF ASCARIS EGGS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 511-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Passey ◽  
Donald Fairbairn
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds

While ascaris eggs developed to the vermiform stage (10 days) both lipids and carbohydrates (glycogen and trehalose) decreased in amount. During the next 15 days, in which the embryo became infective, lipids continued to decrease, but at a greater rate, whereas carbohydrate was completely resynthesized. Examination of the possible sources of the required carbon revealed that protein, non-protein nitrogenous compounds, phosphorus compounds, metabolic acids, glycerol, and volatile acids occurring in the triglycerides were not adequate and that carbon dioxide was not extensively fixed. Direct evidence for the conversion of triglyceride acids to carbohydrate was furnished by the increase in lipid-free dry weight, which corresponded closely with the increase in carbohydrate. Moreover, the amount of lipid carbon which disappeared was equal to the sum of the carbon dioxide and carbohydrate carbon which appeared, and oxygen consumption was insufficient to account for the complete combustion of lipid carbon. It was concluded that the carbon of partially oxidized fragments of fatty acids, possibly acetylcoenzyme A, was incorporated into glycogen and trehalose, and hence that ascaris eggs in this stage of their development were able to bring about a net conversion of fat to carbohydrate.

VARIABILITY OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND MANOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN THE PLUM CURCULIO, CONOTRACHELUS NENUPHAR (HERBST)1,2

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Milton E. McGiffen ◽  
John V. Boyne ◽  
John R. Meyer ◽  
Sylvia M. Blankenship
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Chromatographic Technique ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Conotrachelus Nenuphar ◽  
Plum Curculio ◽  
Long Day

A gas chromatographic technique for measurement of CO2 production in arthropods is described and used to characterize changes in CO2 production as diapause approaches in plum curculio. Carbon dioxide production was statistically compared to oxygen consumption (as measured by a constant pressure respirometer); variance was less for CO2 production, but both assays found significant differences between long-day and short-day plum curculio. Dry weight was not correlated with either CO2 production or O2 consumption. Carbon dioxide production and O2 consumption were positively correlated.

Microbial efficiency in a meromictic reservoir

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Mazurkiewicz-Boroń ◽  
Teresa Bednarz ◽  
Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Release ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Ion Contents

Microbial efficiency in a meromictic reservoirIndices of microbial efficiency (expressed as oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release) were determined in the water column of the meromictic Piaseczno Reservoir (in an opencast sulphur mine), which is rich in sulphur compounds. Phytoplankton abundances were low in both the mixolimnion (up to 15 m depth) and monimolimnion (below 15 m depth). In summer and winter, carbon dioxide release was 3-fold and 5-fold higher, respectively, in the monimolimnion than in the mixolimnion. Laboratory enrichments of the sulphur substrate of the water resulted in a decrease in oxygen consumption rate of by about 42% in mixolimnion samples, and in the carbon dioxide release rate by about 69% in monimolimnion samples. Water temperature, pH and bivalent ion contents were of major importance in shaping the microbial metabolic efficiency in the mixolimnion, whilst in the monimolimnion these relationships were not evident.

Gastrointestinal Interaction between Dietary Amino Acids and Gut Microbiota: With Special Emphasis on Host Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abedin Abdallah ◽  
Evera Elemba ◽  
Qingzhen Zhong ◽  
Zewei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After the protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once they move in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and result in the production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacteria which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health.

scholarly journals Edible Far Eastern Ferns as a Dietary Source of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Eduard V. Nekrasov ◽  
Vasily I. Svetashev
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Vegetarian Diets ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Long Chain

Young fronds of ferns are consumed as a vegetable in many countries. The aim of this study was to analyze three fern species that are available for sale in the Russian Far East as dietary sources in terms of fatty acids that are important for human physiology: arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and other valuable long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The content of ARA and EPA was 5.5 and 0.5 mg/g dry weight, respectively, in Pteridium aquilinum, 4.1 and 1.1 in Matteuccia struthiopteris, and 2.2 and 0.8 in Osmundastrum asiaticum. Salted fronds of P. aquilinum contained less these fatty acids than the raw fronds, with a decrease of up to 49% for ARA and 65% for EPA. These losses were less pronounced or even insignificant in dried fronds. Cooked ferns preserved significant portions of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: cooked P. aquilinum contained 4.4 mg/g dry weight ARA and 0.3 mg/g dry weight EPA. The ferns may provide a supplemental dietary source of these valuable long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially for vegetarian diets.

scholarly journals Anaerobic 1-Alkene Metabolism by the Alkane- and Alkene-Degrading Sulfate Reducer Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans Strain CV2803T

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (24) ◽  
pp. 7882-7890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Grossi ◽  
Cristiana Cravo-Laureau ◽  
Alain Méou ◽  
Danielle Raphel ◽  
Frédéric Garzino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Branched Fatty Acids ◽  
Initial Activation ◽  
Fumarate Addition ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Methyl Branched Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT The alkane- and alkene-degrading, marine sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans strain CV2803T, known to oxidize n-alkanes anaerobically by fumarate addition at C-2, was investigated for its 1-alkene metabolism. The total cellular fatty acids of this strain were predominantly C-(even number) (C-even) when it was grown on C-even 1-alkenes and predominantly C-(odd number) (C-odd) when it was grown on C-odd 1-alkenes. Detailed analyses of those fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after 6- to 10-week incubations allowed the identification of saturated 2- and 4-ethyl-, 2- and 4-methyl-, and monounsaturated 4-methyl-branched fatty acids with chain lengths that correlated with those of the 1-alkene. The growth of D. aliphaticivorans on (per)deuterated 1-alkenes provided direct evidence of the anaerobic transformation of these alkenes into the corresponding 1-alcohols and into linear as well as 10- and 4-methyl-branched fatty acids. Experiments performed with [13C]bicarbonate indicated that the initial activation of 1-alkene by the addition of inorganic carbon does not occur. These results demonstrate that D. aliphaticivorans metabolizes 1-alkene by the oxidation of the double bond at C-1 and by the subterminal addition of organic carbon at both ends of the molecule [C-2 and C-(ω-1)]. The detection of ethyl-branched fatty acids from unlabeled 1-alkenes further suggests that carbon addition also occurs at C-3. Alkylsuccinates were not observed as potential initial intermediates in alkene metabolism. Based on our observations, the first pathways for anaerobic 1-alkene metabolism in an anaerobic bacterium are proposed. Those pathways indicate that diverse initial reactions of 1-alkene activation can occur simultaneously in the same strain of sulfate-reducing bacterium.

scholarly journals Variability in Macro- and Micronutrients of 15 Commercially Available Microalgae Powders

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Fabian Sandgruber ◽  
Annekathrin Gielsdorf ◽  
Anja C. Baur ◽  
Benjamin Schenz ◽  
Sandra Marie Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dunaliella Salina ◽  
Haematococcus Pluvialis ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Tetraselmis Chuii

The nutrient composition of 15 commercially available microalgae powders of Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Tetraselmis chuii, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was analyzed. The Dunaliella salina powders were characterized by a high content of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6-PUFAs), heavy metals, and α-tocopherol, whereas the protein amounts, essential amino acids (EAAs), omega-3-PUFAs (n3-PUFAs), vitamins, and minerals were low. In the powder of Haematococcus pluvialis, ten times higher amounts of carotenoids compared to all other analyzed powders were determined, yet it was low in vitamins D and E, protein, and EAAs, and the n6/n3-PUFAs ratio was comparably high. Vitamin B12, quantified as cobalamin, was below 0.02 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) in all studied powders. Based on our analysis, microalgae such as Aphanizomenon and Chlorella may contribute to an adequate intake of critical nutrients such as protein with a high content of EAAs, dietary fibers, n3-PUFAs, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn, as well as vitamin D and E. Yet, the nutritional value of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was slightly decreased by high contents of SFAs. The present data show that microalgae are rich in valuable nutrients, but the macro- and micronutrient profiles differ strongly between and within species.

scholarly journals Bicarbonate for microalgae cultivation: a case study in a chlorophyte, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis isolated from a Norwegian lake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikumi Umetani ◽  
Eshetu Janka ◽  
Michal Sposób ◽  
Chris J. Hulatt ◽  
Synne Kleiven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

AbstractBicarbonate was evaluated as an alternative carbon source for a green microalga, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis, isolated from Lake Norsjø in Norway. Photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production were studied using four inorganic carbon regimes: (1) aeration only, (2) 20 mM NaHCO3, (3) 5% (v/v) CO2 gas, and (4) combination of 20 mM NaHCO3 and 5% CO2. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis revealed that the bicarbonate treatment supported effective photosynthesis, while the CO2 treatment led to inefficient photosynthetic activity with a PSII maximum quantum yield as low as 0.31. Conversely, bicarbonate and CO2 treatments gave similar biomass and fatty acid production. The maximum growth rate, the final cell dry weight, and total fatty acids under the bicarbonate-only treatment were 0.33 (± 0.06) day−1, 673 (± 124) mg L−1 and 75 (± 5) mg g−1 dry biomass, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid components were α-linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids constituting 69% of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid profile eventuated in unsuitable biodiesel fuel properties such as high degree of unsaturation and low cetane number; however, it would be relevant for food and feed applications. We concluded that bicarbonate could give healthy growth and comparative product yields as CO2.

Positive inotropism in hypothermia partially depends on an increase in maximal Ca(2+)-activated force

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (4) ◽  
pp. H1005-H1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kusuoka ◽  
Y. Ikoma ◽  
S. Futaki ◽  
H. Suga ◽  
A. Kitabatake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Mild Hypothermia ◽  
Left Ventricular Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positive Inotropism ◽  
Rapid Pacing ◽  
Intact Heart

We investigated the contribution of maximal Ca(2+)-activated force to the positive inotropism induced by mild hypothermia. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that neither energy-related phosphorus compounds in myocardium nor intracellular pH was responsible for the change in contractility. Maximal Ca(2+)-activated pressure (MCAP), the intact-heart correlate of maximal Ca(2+)-activated force, was determined in isolated perfused rabbit hearts by measuring isovolumic left ventricular pressure during tetani at extracellular Ca2+ concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mM. Tetani were elicited by rapid pacing after exposure to ryanodine. MCAP increased by 2.17 +/- 0.28% (mean +/- SE, P less than 0.001, n = 19) for each degree of myocardial cooling between 30 and 38 degrees C. Our results indicate that a primary change in myofilament Ca2+ responsiveness underlies the positive inotropism in hypothermia. The increase in maximal Ca(2+)-activated force may explain the observation of positive inotropism without an upward shift in the relation between oxygen consumption and pressure-volume area, as previously reported for cooled whole hearts.

Metabolism during normoxia, hyperoxia, and recovery in newborn rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Frappell ◽  
Andrea Dotta ◽  
Jacopo P. Mortola
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Positive Effects

Aerobic metabolism (oxygen consumption, [Formula: see text], and carbon dioxide production, [Formula: see text]) has been measured in newborn rats at 2 days of age during normoxia, 30 min of hyperoxia (100% O2) and an additional 30 min of recovery in normoxia at ambient temperatures of 35 °C (thermoneutrality) or 30 °C. In normoxia, at 30 °C [Formula: see text] was higher than at 35 °C. With hyperoxia, [Formula: see text] increased in all cases, but more so at 30 °C (+20%) than at 35 °C (+9%). Upon return to normoxia, metabolism readily returned to the prehyperoxic value. The results support the concept that the normoxic metabolic rate of the newborn can be limited by the availability of oxygen. At temperatures below thermoneutrality the higher metabolic needs aggravate the limitation in oxygen availability, and the positive effects of hyperoxia on [Formula: see text] are therefore more apparent.Key words: neonatal respiration, oxygen consumption, thermoregulation.

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