Wood degradation by Phellinus noxius: ultrastructure and cytochemistry

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nicole ◽  
H. Chamberland ◽  
D. Rioux ◽  
X. Xixuan ◽  
G. B. Ouellette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Close Association ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cytochemical Investigation ◽  
Phellinus Noxius

An ultrastructural and cytochemical investigation of the development of Phellinus noxius, a white-rot fungus, in wood chips of Betula papyrifera was done to gain insight into the cellular mechanisms of wood cell wall degradation. Extracellular sheaths and microhyphae were seen to be involved in wood colonization. Close association was observed between these fungal structures and wood cell walls at both early and advanced stages of wood alteration. Fungal sheaths were often seen deep inside host cell walls, sometimes enclosing residual wood fragments. Investigations using gold probes indicated the occurrence of β-1,3-glucans within the fungal sheaths, while β-1,4-glucans were detected only within the fungal septa. The positive reaction with the PATAg test revealed that polysaccharides such as β-1,6-glucans were important components of the sheath. Chitin, pectin, β-glucosides, galactosamine, mannose, sialic acid, fucose, and fimbrial proteins were not found to be present in the sheath. Our data suggest that extracellular sheaths and microphyphae produced by P. noxius during wood cell wall colonization play an important role in wood degradation.Key words: cellulose, Phellinus, sheath, wood degradation.

scholarly journals Cell Wall Bulking by Maleic Anhydride for Wood Durability Improvement

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming He ◽  
Dandan Xu ◽  
Changgui Li ◽  
Yuzhen Ma ◽  
Xiaohan Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Decay Fungi

Wood is susceptible to swelling deformation and decay fungi due to moisture adsorption that originates from the dynamic nanopores of the cell wall and the abundant hydroxyl groups in wood components. This study employed as a modifier maleic anhydride (MAn), with the help of acetone as solvent, to diffuse into the wood cell wall, bulk nanopores, and further chemically bond to the hydroxyl groups of wood components, reducing the numbers of free hydroxyl groups and weakening the diffusion of water molecules into the wood cell wall. The derived MAn-bulked wood, compared to the control wood, presented a reduction in water absorptivity (RWA) of ~23% as well as an anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) of ~39% after immersion in water for 228 h, and showed an improvement in decay resistance of 81.42% against white-rot fungus and 69.79% against brown-rot fungus, respectively. The method of combined cell wall bulking and hydroxyl group bonding could effectively improve the dimensional stability and decay resistance with lower doses of modifier, providing a new strategy for wood durability improvement.

Effect of different coupling agents on the thermal, mechanical and biological behavior of vinyl acetate-wood polymer composite

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghorbani ◽  
Zahra Asghari Aghmashhadi ◽  
Seyed Mojtaba Amininasab ◽  
Raoufeh Abedini
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Wood Polymer ◽  
Modify Wood

AbstractPoplar wood (Populus deltoidesBartr.) was modified by a combined two-step treatment with different chemicals to improve its properties. Maleic anhydride (MAN), 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TMPS) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) were first employed to modify wood cell wall resulting in WMAN, WTMPSand WGMA. Then, in a second step, the vinyl acetate (VA) monomer was let to polymerize within the cell lumina resulting in WPCMAN/VA, WPCTMPS/VAand WPCGMA/VA(WPCs). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) observations confirmed the bulking of modified cell walls. The thermal stability, mechanical properties and decay resistance of WPCs were remarkably improved compared to unmodified wood in the order WPCGMA/VA >  WPCTMPS/VA > WPCMAN/VA. WPCMAN/VAdisplayed a significant decay resistance increment, despite lower retention and reactivity than the WPCTMPS/VA, which is probably due to a better penetration into the cell wall and the higher degree of chemical modification of the wood components.

Mineralization of Native Pesticidal Plant Cell-Wall Complexes by the White-Rot Fungus,Phanerochaetechrysosporium

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1911-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. May ◽  
Irene Sparrer ◽  
Enamul Hoque ◽  
Heinrich Sandermann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus

Wood cell wall ultrastructure The key to understanding wood properties and behaviour

IAWA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-672
Author(s):  
Lloyd A. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Cell Wall Ultrastructure ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Wall Ultrastructure ◽  
Scale Properties

ABSTRACTIn the last 100 years, major advances have been made in understanding wood cell wall ultrastructure in tracheids, fibres, vessels and parenchyma and its relationship with xylem function and wood properties. This review will focus on how the development of imaging techniques and their application to wood cell walls has led to an understanding of cell wall organisation and the relationship between micro and macro scale properties in wood and wood-based materials. Topics such as wood formation, wood chemistry and reaction wood have recently been reviewed elsewhere and are considered only briefly in this review. Two features of wood cell walls have dominated the literature; orientation and layering of cellulose which determines the longitudinal stiffness of wood, and the distribution (topochemistry) of lignin which determines compression strength and pulping properties.

Relationship of wood cell wall ultrastructure to bacterial degradation of wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adya P. Singh ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Ramesh R. Chavan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Wall Ultrastructure ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wall Components

ABSTRACT This review presents information on the relationship of ultrastructure and composition of wood cell walls, in order to understand how wood degrading bacteria utilise cell wall components for their nutrition. A brief outline of the structure and composition of plant cell walls and the degradation patterns associated with bacterial degradation of wood cell walls precedes the description of the relationship of cell wall micro- and ultrastructure to bacterial degradation of the cell wall. The main topics covered are cell wall structure and composition, patterns of cell wall degradation by erosion and tunnelling bacteria, and the relationship of cell wall ultrastructure and composition to wood degradation by erosion and tunnelling bacteria. Finally, pertinent information from select recent studies employing molecular approaches to identify bacteria which can degrade lignin and other wood cell wall components is presented, and prospects for future investigations on wood degrading bacteria are explored.

Comparative ultrastructure of selected oral streptococci: thin-sectioning and freeze-etching studies

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley C. Holt ◽  
E. R. Leadbetter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Comparative Ultrastructure ◽  
Crystalline Array

The ultrastructure of Streptococcus mutans, serotypes a–e, S. sanguis, S. mitis, and S. salivarius HHT, were examined by the techniques of thin-sectioning and freeze-etching. The cell walls varied in width between 15 and 46 nm and were covered with an electron-dense fibrillar or fuzz layer. The cytoplasmic membrane was in close association with numerous mesosomes which were, in turn, either closely associated or in contact with the bacterial chromosome. In freeze-etch replicas, the outermost layer of the cell wall was fibrous, and the cytoplasmic membrane was covered with particles composed of several subunits. Both particle-clusters and particle-free areas occurred on the surfaces of the cytoplasmic membrane, as well as a crystalline array in the ground plasm of the cell.

Distinguishing the Signs of Fungal and Burial-Induced Degradation in Waterlogged Wood from Biskupin (Poland) by Scanning Electron Microscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Tamburini ◽  
Caroline R. Cartwright ◽  
Grzegorz Cofta ◽  
Magdalena Zborowska ◽  
Miroslava Mamoňová
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Wood Degradation ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Fungal Attack ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractA scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and oak (Quercussp.) wood samples exposed to various types of natural degradation is presented with the aim of discussing the correct identification of multiple degradation signs in waterlogged wood. This is part of an experiment performed at the archeological site of Biskupin (Poland) to evaluate the dynamics of short-term wood degradation during reburial and the suitability of excavated wood as substrate for the fungal attack. The final aim is to support and inform thein situconservation strategy currently applied to archeological woods. To replicate the burial conditions, wood samples were put into lake water and peat. The samples were removed from the burial environments after 4, 6, 8, and 10 years, and then exposed to laboratory-controlled attack by a brown rot fungusConiophora puteanaand a white rot fungusCoriolus versicolor. SEM images were acquired for all samples before and after the fungal attack. The results showed a slight degradation occurred in the burial environments (soft rot and bacteria). In addition, both typical and previously neglected features of fungal attack were observed, highlighting that the extent of the fungal decay varies according to the previous degree of wood degradation. Some comparisons are provided with archeological wood samples from the Biskupin site.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and natural durability of juvenile and mature heartwood of Robinia pseudoacacia L.

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1059-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
João V.F Latorraca ◽  
Oliver Dünisch ◽  
Gerald Koch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L ◽  
Heartwood Extractives

The aim of this study was to characterize the properties of juvenile and mature heartwood of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust). The content, the composition, and subcellular localization of heartwood extractives were studied in 14 old-grown trees from forest sites in Germany and Hungary, as well as in 16 younger trees of four clone types. Heartwood extractives (methanol and acetone extraction) were analysed by HPLC-chromatography. UV microspectrophotometry was used to localize the extractives in the wood cell walls. The natural durability of juvenile and mature heartwood was analysed according to the European standard EN 350-1. Growth analyses, as well as the chemical analyses, showed that in Robinia the formation of juvenile wood is restricted to the first 10-15 years of cambial growth. In the heartwood high contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were present, which were in high concentrations in the cell walls of the axial parenchyma and of the vessels. In the juvenile heartwood, the content of these extractives is significantly lower than in the mature heartwood. In agree, the juvenile heartwood had a lower resistance to decay by Coniophora puteana (brown rot fungus) and Coriolus versicolor (white rot fungus) compared to the mature.

scholarly journals Induction of Genes Encoding Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes by Lignocellulose-Derived Monosaccharides and Cellobiose in the White-Rot FungusDichomitus squalens

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Casado López ◽  
Mao Peng ◽  
Tedros Yonatan Issak ◽  
Paul Daly ◽  
Ronald P. de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dichomitus Squalens

ABSTRACTFungi can decompose plant biomass into small oligo- and monosaccharides to be used as carbon sources. Some of these small molecules may induce metabolic pathways and the production of extracellular enzymes targeted for degradation of plant cell wall polymers. Despite extensive studies in ascomycete fungi, little is known about the nature of inducers for the lignocellulolytic systems of basidiomycetes. In this study, we analyzed six sugars known to induce the expression of lignocellulolytic genes in ascomycetes for their role as inducers in the basidiomycete white-rot fungusDichomitus squalensusing a transcriptomic approach. This identified cellobiose andl-rhamnose as the main inducers of cellulolytic and pectinolytic genes, respectively, ofD. squalens. Our results also identified differences in gene expression patterns between dikaryotic and monokaryotic strains ofD. squalenscultivated on plant biomass-derived monosaccharides and the disaccharide cellobiose. This suggests that despite conservation of the induction between these two genetic forms ofD. squalens, the fine-tuning in the gene regulation of lignocellulose conversion is differently organized in these strains.IMPORTANCEWood-decomposing basidiomycete fungi have a major role in the global carbon cycle and are promising candidates for lignocellulosic biorefinery applications. However, information on which components trigger enzyme production is currently lacking, which is crucial for the efficient use of these fungi in biotechnology. In this study, transcriptomes of the white-rot fungusDichomitus squalensfrom plant biomass-derived monosaccharide and cellobiose cultures were studied to identify compounds that induce the expression of genes involved in plant biomass degradation.

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