Corrosion products associated with attached bacteria at an oil field water injection plant

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1320-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Ferris ◽  
T. R. Jack ◽  
B. J. Bramhill
Keyword(s):  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Corrosion Deposits ◽  
Corrosion Deposit ◽  
Oil Field Water

Attached populations of corrosion enhancing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and organic acid-producing bacteria (APB) were measured on steel plugs at an oil field water injection plant near Wainwright, Alberta. The sample plugs were colonized to ca. 106 SRB/cm2. Counts for APB ranged from 102 to 10/cm2. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the sample plugs revealed an uneven distribution of surface corrosion deposits. A thin iron sulfide layer covered most of the exposed areas. Thicker sulfur-enriched deposits occurred randomly. The bulk of the thicker deposits were smooth, whereas peripheral regions exhibited a porous texture. The elemental composition of the different regions was the same; however, bacterial cells were concentrated in the porous areas and were not found in the thinner deposits. In transmission electron microscopic thin sections cut perpendicularly through corrosion deposits, bacterial cells were found mineralized in successive stages by iron sulfides. The corrosion deposit matrix also generated strong Cl peaks in energy dispersive X-ray spectra. This entrainment of bacterial cells within a corrosion deposit matrix is consistent with the concept of bacterial enhancement of corrosion by removal of reducing power from iron sulfides galvanically coupled to the steel surface. Key words: microbial corrosion, iron sulfide, cathodic hydrogen, electron microscopy.

scholarly journals The making of natural iron sulfide nanoparticles in a hot vent snail

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (41) ◽  
pp. 20376-20381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Okada ◽  
Chong Chen ◽  
Tomo-o Watsuji ◽  
Manabu Nishizawa ◽  
Yohey Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
White Population ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Metal Chalcogenide ◽  
Natural Iron ◽  
Single Exception

Biomineralization in animals exclusively features oxygen-based minerals with a single exception of the scaly-foot gastropod Chrysomallon squamiferum, the only metazoan with an iron sulfide skeleton. This unique snail inhabits deep-sea hot vents and possesses scales infused with iron sulfide nanoparticles, including pyrite, giving it a characteristic metallic black sheen. Since the scaly-foot is capable of making iron sulfide nanoparticles in its natural habitat at a relatively low temperature (∼15 °C) and in a chemically dynamic vent environment, elucidating its biomineralization pathways is expected to have significant industrial applications for the production of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles. Nevertheless, this biomineralization has remained a mystery for decades since the snail’s discovery, except that it requires the environment to be rich in iron, with a white population lacking in iron sulfide known from a naturally iron-poor locality. Here, we reveal a biologically controlled mineralization mechanism employed by the scaly-foot snail to achieve this nanoparticle biomineralization, through δ34 S measurements and detailed electron-microscopic investigations of both natural scales and scales from the white population artificially incubated in an iron-rich environment. We show that the scaly-foot snail mediates biomineralization in its scales by supplying sulfur through channel-like columns in which reaction with iron ions diffusing inward from the surrounding vent fluid mineralizes iron sulfides.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Water and Polymer Flooding on Geometric and Multifractal Characteristics of Pore Structures

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5288
Author(s):  
Xianguo Zhang ◽  
Chengyan Lin ◽  
Yuqi Wu ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Hongwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Reservoir Quality ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pore Structures

During water and polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery, pore structures may vary because of the fluid–rock interactions, which can lead to variations in petrophysical properties and affect oil field production. To investigate the effects of fluid flooding on pore structures, six samples were subjected to brine water, dual-system, and alkaline–surfactant–polymer (ASP) polymer displacement experiments. Before and after experiments, samples were scanned by X-ray CT. Thin sections, X-ray diffraction, and high pressure mercury injection tests were also carried out to characterize mineralogy and fractal dimension of pore systems before experiments. Experiment results show that water flooding with low injection pore volume ratio (IPVR) can improve reservoir quality since total porosity and connected porosity of samples rise after the flooding and the proportion of large pores also increases and heterogeneity of pore structure decreases. However, water flooding with high IPVR has reverse effects on pore structures. Polymer flooding reduces the total porosity, connected porosity, the percentage of small pores and enhances the heterogeneity of pore structures. It can be found that pore structures will change in fluid flooding and appropriate water injection can improve reservoir quality while excessive water injection may destroy the reservoir. Meanwhile, injected polymer may block throats and destroy reservoirs. The experimental results can be used as the basis for oil field development.

Oil Field Water Injection – a Large-Scale Water-Rock Experiment – Results and Applications

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Johansen ◽  
B.V. Nystrand ◽  
H. Stray ◽  
I. Johansen ◽  
Ø. Dugstad
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Field Water

A Simplified Procedure for Embedding Dilute Suspensions of Biologic Material.

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 344-345
Author(s):  
R.M. Pfister ◽  
J.M. Hanson ◽  
R.A. Smucker
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mass ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Dilute Suspensions ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Simplified Procedure ◽  
Membrane Components

Electron microscopic examination of ultra-thin sections of dilute suspensions of biologic material is difficult, time consuming and unrewarding. Generally, a cell mass from larger cultures compacted in some way or tissue pieces are handled successfully. We have developed a rapid method for embedding and sectioning more dilute particulate materials, such as membrane components harvested from sucrose gradients or dilute cultures.Bacterial cells, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were cultured using a standard growth medium (Tryptone glucose yeast extract broth, 100 ml) for 24 hours at ambient temperature. In this experiment the culture was divided in half at the conclusion of incubation. One half of the mixture (50 ml) was centrifuged to produce a pellet which was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The other half was diluted and utilized during the second part of this experiment.

Causes of through damage to the pipeline weld

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Rinat F. Mambetov ◽  
◽  
Vladimir M. Kushnarenko ◽  
Fanil S. Khafizov ◽  
Ildar F. Khafizov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Pipe Surface ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Hole Area ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Welded Connection ◽  
Through Hole

The article presents the study results of the flowline pipeline to determine the causes of the through hole (weld hole) in the butting side weld of pipelines. It was made assessment by the Bauman method of sulfur imprints for the presence of deposits of iron sulfides on the inner surface of the pipes. The phase composition of corrosion products was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. It was revealed that the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the metal of the studied fragment of the pipeline comply with regulatory requirements. The hardness values, including those in the weld zones, obtained from the test results, indicate that the metal is resistant to corrosion cracking. According to the results of metallographic studies on longitudinal full-thickness thin sections, it was established that in the through hole area at the bottom of the corrosion spot, there are remains of the facing seam layer, where there are multiple pores with a diameter of up to 3 mm. The surface of the spot is covered with a layer of iron sulfide with a thickness of 1–3 mm. The thickness of the sulfide layer in the spot is ten or more times greater than on the rest of the pipe surface – this shows that the corrosion processes developed here faster. The cause of the damage to the welded connection of drill line is pit corrosion, which occurred under the influence of H2S on the lower part of welded lock, where was observed concavity of the joint root. Probably, in the area of the corrosion pit, there was a defect in the first layer of the weld (suck-up, faulty penetration, pore or others, etc.), and accelerated corrosion was the result of the accumulation of H2S fluid here.

The Immuno-Electron Microscopic Localization of the Mo-Fe Protein Component of Nitrogenase in Cells of Azotobacter Vinelandii

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 574-575
Author(s):  
J. T. Stasny ◽  
R. C. Burns ◽  
R. W. F. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Azotobacter Vinelandii ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Protein Component ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Fe Protein ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Membranes

Structure-functlon studies of biological N2-fixation have correlated the presence of the enzyme nitrogenase with increased numbers of intracytoplasmic membranes in Azotobacter. However no direct evidence has been provided for the internal cellular localization of any nitrogenase. Recent advances concerned with the crystallizatiorTand the electron microscopic characterization of the Mo-Fe protein component of Azotobacter nitrogenase, prompted the use of this purified protein to obtain antibodies (Ab) to be conjugated to electron dense markers for the intracellular localization of the protein by electron microscopy. The present study describes the use of ferritin conjugated to goat antitMo-Fe protein immunoglobulin (IgG) and the observations following its topical application to thin sections of N2-grown Azotobacter.

The High Resolution Appearance of Biological Substrates

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Glen B. Haydon
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Phase Image ◽  
Biological Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Discrete Structures ◽  
Large Phase ◽  
Biological Substrates ◽  
High Resolution Electron Micrographs

High resolution electron microscopic study of negatively stained macromolecules and thin sections of tissue embedded in a variety of media are difficult to interpret because of the superimposed phase image granularity. Although all of the information concerning the biological structure of interest may be present in a defocused electron micrograph, the high contrast of large phase image granules produced by the substrate makes it impossible to distinguish the phase ‘points’ from discrete structures of the same dimensions. Theory predicts the findings; however, it does not allow an appreciation of the actual appearance of the image under various conditions. Therefore, though perhaps trivial, training of the cheapest computer produced by mass labor has been undertaken in order to learn to appreciate the factors which affect the appearance of the background in high resolution electron micrographs.

Determination of the phase structure of polymerblends by electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 492-493
Author(s):  
Dr. G. Kaemof
Keyword(s):  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

A mixture of polycarbonate (PC) and styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymer (SAN) represents a very good example for the efficiency of electron microscopic investigations concerning the determination of optimum production procedures for high grade product properties.The following parameters have been varied:components of charge (PC : SAN 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30), kind of compounding machine (single screw extruder, twin screw extruder, discontinuous kneader), mass-temperature (lowest and highest possible temperature).The transmission electron microscopic investigations (TEM) were carried out on ultra thin sections, the PC-phase of which was selectively etched by triethylamine.The phase transition (matrix to disperse phase) does not occur - as might be expected - at a PC to SAN ratio of 50 : 50, but at a ratio of 65 : 35. Our results show that the matrix is preferably formed by the components with the lower melting viscosity (in this special case SAN), even at concentrations of less than 50 %.

An Electron Microscopic Study of the Acute Effects of Hypothalamic Releasing Factors on the Anterior Pituitary Gland

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 232-233
Author(s):  
P.W. Coates ◽  
E.A. Ashby ◽  
L. Krulich ◽  
A. Dhariwal ◽  
S. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Electron Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Dense Membrane ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Releasing Factors

The morphologic effects on somatotrophs of crude sheep hypothalamic extract prepared from stalk-median eminence were studied by electron microscopy in conjunction with concurrently run bioassays performed on the same tissue samples taken from young adult male Sherman rats.Groups were divided into uninjected controls and injected experimentals sacrificed at 5', 15', and 30' after injection. Half of each anterior pituitary was prepared for electron microscopic investigation, the other half for bioassay. Fixation using collidine buffered osmium tetroxide was followed by dehydration and embedment in Maraglas. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate were used as stains. Thin sections were examined in a Philips EM 200.Somatotrophs from uninjected controls appeared as described in the literature (Fig. 1). In addition to other components, these cells contained moderate numbers of spherical, electron-dense, membrane-bound granules approximately 350 millicrons in diameter.

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