Importance and mobilization of nutrients in soft rot of wood

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 864-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Worrall ◽  
C. J. K. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Chaetomium Globosum ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Scytalidium Lignicola

Soft rot of wood by Chaetomium globosum and Scytalidium lignicola was negligible in the absence of added nutrients. Independently varying the concentrations of nutrients in double Abrams' solution (which is often used for testing soft rot of wood) showed that these concentrations are higher than necessary, and in some cases supraoptimal, for soft rot as measured by weight loss. Optimal nutrient concentrations were lower in cases of low decay capacity than in cases of high decay capacity. A suitable, reduced solution contained, per litre, 1.5 g NH4NO3, 2.5 g KH2PO4, 2.0 g K2HPO4, and 1 g MgSO4∙7H2O. Best results were obtained when blocks were infiltrated with the solution. Increasing osmolality with KCl inhibited soft rot, suggesting that the solution satisfies specific nutrient requirements rather than an osmophilic requirement. P and especially N were actively mobilized into decaying blocks. As any of the nutrients were added at low levels to the external solution, decay and the influx of N increased. Key words: wood decay, soft rot, nutrients, translocation, osmophily.

Chitin as an indicator of the biomass of two wood-decay fungi in relation to temperature, incubation time, and media composition

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Nilsson ◽  
Jonny Bjurman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Chitin Content ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Cell wall chitin was determined in the mycelia of the brown rot fungus Neolentinus lepideus (Lentinus lepideus) and an isolate of the soft rot fungus Phialophora sp. to study the correlation to mycelial dry mass. The fungi were incubated as liquid cultures for three incubation periods at three temperatures in six nutrient media with varying levels and combinations of carbon and nitrogen. The glucosamine yield was found to be maximized by hydrolysis at 90°C for 48 h. The chitin content in the studied fungi varied from 8.3 to 39.8 μg.mg-1for N. lepideus and 7.7 to 46 μg.mg-1for the Phialophora isolate. The chitin concentration was remarkably constant, about 10 μg.mg-1, in mycelia growing on the low nitrogen malt extract medium. An experiment with wood blocks indicated that chitin may be a good marker for total fungal biomass production, including living and dead mycelia, in early stages of wood decay (dry weight loss <6%). At higher dry weight losses, the chitin content reaches a plateau or decreases despite continuing degradation as determined by the dry weight loss. The chitin content of visible mycelia growing on wood was determined for both fungi and found to be 19.1 and 12.9 μg.mg-1for N. lepideus and the Phialophora isolate, respectively.Key words: chitin, wood-decay fungi, utility poles, brown rot, soft rot, glucosamine, colorimetry.

DERIVATION OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF FILBERTS USING ORCHARD SURVEYS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. GRANT KOWALENKO
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Tissue Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Important Measurement

Leaf tissue nutrient concentrations measured over 3 years in 17 filbert orchards showed consistent correlations between N/S, Cu/S, Zn/Cu, Ca/K, Mg/K and Mg/Ca. Optimum concentrations of 1.44% Ca, 0.27% Mg, 0.14% S, 8.8 ppm Cu, and 19.5 ppm Zn were calculated using regression equations of the various correlations and optimum values of N and K (2.2% N and 0.8% K) reported in the literature. Correlations between leaf and soil nutrient concentrations were observed but they were not consistent over the 2 years and all depths (0–15, 15–30, 30–60 cm) of soil samples taken. Average leaf weight measurements were sufficiently consistent within orchards to allow detection of orchard to orchard differences. Several nutrients appeared to affect or be affected by average leaf weight. Average leaf weights appear to have potential as a biologically important measurement but the significance has yet to be derived. Key words: Filberts, macronutrients, micronutrients, optimum leaf concentrations, leaf weights

Conditions for soft rot of wood

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 869-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Worrall ◽  
S. E. Anagnost ◽  
C. J. K. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Optimal Development ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Nylon Mesh ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Conditions leading to optimal development of soft rot of wood were studied in vitro. Rates of weight loss generally remained more or less constant for 12 weeks, after which they decreased. Use of Petri dishes as decay chambers, saturation of blocks with a reduced nutrient solution containing micronutrients and vitamins, and use of a thick nylon mesh as a support between the agar and blocks generally gave better results than alternative conditions. Depending on experimental conditions, decay was either superficial or more or less uniform throughout the block. The uniform pattern was associated with higher weight losses than the superficial pattern. These and other results suggest that, although soft rot is most readily apparent as a surface decay of near-saturated wood in service, moisture conditions for optimal development may be no different than for decays caused by basidiomycetes. Key words: wood decay, moisture, Chaetomium globosum.

scholarly journals A-164 Influence of Executive Function, Partner Support, and Environmental Structure on Behavioral Weight Management Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 958-958
Author(s):  
Gettens K ◽  
Gorin A
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Autonomy Support ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Partner Support ◽  
Household Structure ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Social Environmental Factors

Abstract Objective Executive functions (EF) are crucial to successful weight management, yet few studies have prospectively explored the influence of social-environmental factors on the EF-weight loss (WL) link. This study examined interactions between EF, partner support, and household structure on weight loss outcomes in a couples-based intervention, grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Method Cohabitating dyads attended weekly weight loss groups (Ncouples = 64), Mage =54.0 ± 9.5, MBMI = 34.2 ± 5.4 kg/m2, 50% female, 88.8% Caucasian). Weight was measured at baseline and 6 months. The Behavior Rating Index of Executive Functions-Adult assessed 9 EF domains; higher scores indicate greater difficulty. Partner autonomy support (AS) was measured using the Important Other Climate Questionnaire, household structure with the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS), IQ with the WASI-II 2-subscale estimate. Results Multilevel models were specified with MIXED linear function in SPSS to account for dyadic interdependence, controlling for age, education, IQ and group. Moderators (AS and CHAOS) were grand-mean centered. High and low levels were created at +1SD and -1SD. At high levels of AS, Shifting (B = 1.50, p = .01) and Inhibition (B = 2.23, p = .01) were associated with greater 6-month WL. At low levels of AS, Working Memory was associated with greater WL (p &lt; .01). Self-Monitoring was associated with greater WL at high chaos (B = .43, p = .01), but not low chaos (p = 0.1). Conclusions Findings suggest that context matters; recruiting specific EFs may promote more WL for individuals embedded in low support or chaotic home environments. Future interventions should address the complexity of successful weight management, targeting both individual and social-interpersonal factors.

scholarly journals Weathering Stability and Durability of Birch Plywood Modified with Different Molecular Weight Phenol-Formaldehyde Oligomers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Juris Grinins ◽  
Vladimirs Biziks ◽  
Brendan Nicholas Marais ◽  
Janis Rizikovs ◽  
Holger Militz
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
Commercial Resin ◽  
D 20

This study investigated the effect of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin treatment on the weathering stability and biological durability of birch plywood. Silver birch (Betula pendula) veneers were vacuum-pressure impregnated with four different PF resins with average molecular weights (Mw) of 292 (resin A), 528 (resin B), 703 (resin C), and 884 g/mol (resin D). The aging properties of PF resin modified birch plywood were analyzed using artificial weathering with ultraviolet (UV) light, UV and water spray, and weathering under outdoor conditions. The same combinations of PF-treated plywood specimens were then tested in soil-bed tests to determine their resistance against soft-rot wood decay. It was not possible to compare weathering processes under artificial conditions to processes under outdoor conditions. However, the weathering stability of birch plywood treated with PF resins A, B, and C, scored better than plywood treated with commercial resin D (regardless of solid content concentration [%]). Results from unsterile soil bed tests showed improvements in resistance to soft-rot wood decay compared to untreated plywood and solid wood. Mass loss [%] was lowest for birch plywood specimens treated with resin of highest solid content concentration (resin D, 20%). Provisional durability ratings delivered durability class (DC) ratings of 2–3, considerably improved over untreated solid wood and untreated birch plywood (DC 5).

A new species of Phialocephala (Hyphomycetes)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2484-2489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Siegfried ◽  
Keith A. Seifert ◽  
Barton C. Bilmer
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Bright Green ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
A New Species

A new species in the Hyphomycete genus Phialocephala is described. The new species Phialocephala virens produces an intense greyish green to turquoise colour on certain media and has smaller conidia, shorter phialides, and shorter conidiophores than previously described Phialocephala species. Its tolerance to low levels of the antibiotic cycloheximide suggests the fungus may have affinities with species of Ophiostoma. Cultures of the fungus cause a bright green stain when inoculated onto sapwood of some conifers. Key words: Phialocephala virens, new species, Hyphomycetes, sapstain.

Climate influences the effect of fungal decay type on regeneration of Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis seedlings on decaying logs

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Yu Fukasawa ◽  
Yoko Ando ◽  
Satoshi N. Suzuki ◽  
Mineaki Aizawa ◽  
Daisuke Sakuma
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Picea Jezoensis ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Seedling Regeneration ◽  
Mountainous Regions

Hondo spruce (Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis (Mayr) Rehder)) is separately distributed among several mountainous regions in central Japan as remnant populations of the last glacial period. To identify factors that affect Hondo spruce seedling regeneration on decaying logs, we investigated the relationships between climatic conditions, log properties, including decay type by fungi, and Hondo spruce seedling density on logs using data from seven subalpine Hondo spruce forests in central Japan. The results showed that the presence of soft rot was associated with higher seedling density, and the effect of brown rot in sapwood and white rot in heartwood on the predicted number of spruce seedlings on logs switched from positive to negative with increasing temperature and precipitation. Because soft rot occurs under humid conditions, the use of forest management techniques that increase the number of logs with soft rot in sapwood (e.g., by keeping the forest floor moist) are recommended for the sustainable regeneration of Hondo spruce. However, the relationships between wood decay type and seedling regeneration can also be affected by climate condition and thus are more complex than previously thought.

Chill Stowage and Development of Rancidity in Frozen Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasi

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bilinski ◽  
R. E. E. Jonas ◽  
Y. C. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Peroxide Value ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Clupea Harengus Pallasi ◽  
Low Levels

Freshly caught Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, were stowed in ice or refrigerated seawater (RSW) at −0.8 °C for 0, 2, and 4 d and were then filleted and stored frozen (−28 °C) for up to 11 mo. The development of rancidity was determined using the peroxide value and the thiobarbituric acid number. During the chill stowage before freezing, the lipids from the flesh were not subjected to any significant oxidation. In Cryovac-vacuum-packed fillets the rancidity remained at low levels during the duration of frozen storage. If oxygen was present during frozen storage, chill stowage accelerated the development of rancidity and this effect was more pronounced in the case of RSW than ice, especially after 4 d of stowage. Key words: Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, rancidity, icing, refrigerated seawater, frozen storage

Parasitism of algae by lignicolous Basidiomycota and other fungi

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard J. Hutchison ◽  
G. L. Barron
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Synechococcus Elongatus ◽  
Blue Green Alga

On water agar, 30 out of 81 species of fungi tested showed positive directional hyphal growth towards microcolonies of the green alga Protococcus sp. and produced coralloid masses of branched assimilative hyphae within the invaded algal colonies. Of 77 species of fungi tested against the blue-green alga Synechococcus elongatus, 33 exhibited this same phenomenon. Cell walls of S. elongatus were subsequently lysed while only cell death occurred in Protococcus sp., resulting in the release of the contents that were presumably absorbed by the coralloid hyphae. Branched hyphae from some invading fungi occasionally attached to larger individual cells of Protococcus sp., penetrated the walls, and absorbed the contents. Key words: algae, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, cyanobacteria, Basidiomycota, wood decay, nitrogen requirements, Protococcus, Synechococcus.

scholarly journals The effects of fiber supplementation on diet digestibility by silver foxes

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Faulkner ◽  
D. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Fiber Diet ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Meat Type

A digestibility study with Silver foxes weighing 6.5 ± 0.1 kg was conducted to evaluate five fibers (hemicellulose (X), α-cellulose (C), pectin (P), oat bran (B) and oat hulls (H)) added at 5% to a meat-type diet (A). Apparent digestibility of dry matter in diet P (65.1%) was significantly poorer (P < 0.05) than all others except C (69.1%). Addition of all fibers reduced digestibility of acid detergent fiber. Diet P resulted in weight loss, increased water consumption, and faster rate of passage than diet A (P < 0.05). Key words: Digestibility, oat bran, rate of passage, hemicellulose, fiber, fox

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