Molar growth yield of Nitrobacter agilis in batch culture

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 605-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Li Tsai ◽  
Olli H. Tuovinen
Keyword(s):  
Batch Culture ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrobacter Agilis ◽  
Protein Measurement ◽  
Theoretical Amount

The molar growth yield (YG) of Nitrobacter agilis was determined with the use of 14CO2 fixation and protein measurement. A low YG of 0.220 g dry weight per mole nitrite oxidized was obtained. Assuming 4 or 6 mol ATP utilized per NAD(P)+ reduced, 10.8 or 14.5% of the theoretical amount of ATP available is utilized for the observed YG.

scholarly journals The role of oxygen limitation in the formation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate during batch and continuous culture of Azotobacter beijerinckii

1972 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Senior ◽  
G. A. Beech ◽  
G. A. F. Ritchie ◽  
E. A. Dawes
Keyword(s):  
Batch Culture ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Oxygen Limitation ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Chemostat Cultures

Azotobacter beijerinckii was grown in ammonia-free glucose–mineral salts media in batch culture and in chemostat cultures limited by the supply of glucose, oxygen or molecular nitrogen. In batch culture poly-β-hydroxybutyrate was formed towards the end of exponential growth and accumulated to about 74% of the cell dry weight. In chemostat cultures little poly-β-hydroxybutyrate accumulated in organisms that were nitrogen-limited, but when oxygen limited a much increased yield of cells per mol of glucose was observed, and the organisms contained up to 50% of their dry weight of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. In carbon-limited cultures (D, the dilution rate,=0.035–0.240h−1), the growth yield ranged from 13.1 to 19.8g/mol of glucose and the poly-β-hydroxybutyrate content did not exceed 3.0% of the dry weight. In oxygen-limited cultures (D=0.049–0.252h−1) the growth yield ranged from 48.4 to 70.1g/mol of glucose and the poly-β-hydroxybutyrate content was between 19.6 and 44.6% of dry weight. In nitrogen-limited cultures (D=0.053–0.255h−1) the growth yield ranged from 7.45 to 19.9g/mol of glucose and the poly-β-hydroxybutyrate content was less than 1.5% of dry weight. The sudden imposition of oxygen limitation on a nitrogen-limited chemostat culture produced a rapid increase in poly-β-hydroxybutyrate content and cell yield. Determinations on chemostat cultures revealed that during oxygen-limited steady states (D=0.1h−1) the oxygen uptake decreased to 100μl h−1 per mg dry wt. compared with 675 for a glucose-limited culture (D=0.1h−1). Nitrogen-limited cultures had CO2 production values in situ ranging from 660 to 1055μl h−1 per mg dry wt. at growth rates of 0.053–0.234h−1 and carbon-limited cultures exhibited a variation of CO2 production between 185 and 1328μl h−1 per mg dry wt. at growth rates between 0.035 and 0.240h−1. These findings are discussed in relation to poly-β-hydroxybutyrate formation, growth efficiency and growth yield during growth on glucose. We suggest that poly-β-hydroxybutyrate is produced in response to oxygen limitation and represents not only a store of carbon and energy but also an electron sink into which excess of reducing power can be channelled.

Pigments and Citrinin Biosynthesis by Fungi Belonging to Genus Monascus

2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliya Pisareva ◽  
Valentin Savov ◽  
Anna Kujumdzieva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Coefficient ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Different Strains

Citrinin is a mycotoxin, which is produced by fungi belonging to the genus Monascus, known in biotechnology as producers of azaphilone pigments. The relation between biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites was investigated in different species of the genus Monascus in batch-culture at the following cultivation conditions: T = 28 °C, agitation 220 rpm, and a medium, which induce citrinin production, containing ethanol as a carbon source. The screening was carried out with 16 fungal strains and the biosynthesis of citrinin and pigments was monitored quantitatively at the standard conditions mentioned above. Some kinetic parameters of the process have been determined. The values of the growth yield coefficient YX/C were between 0.32 and 0.57. The amount of the extracellular red and orange pigments at the end of cultivation varied for the different strains between 0.09 and 1.33 OU/ mg dry weight, and 0.15 and 0.96 OU/mg dry weight, respectively. The amount of the total pigments measured was between 0.16 and 3.6 OU/mg dry weight, and between 0.21 and 3.39 OU/mg dry weight. The determined ratio 500 nm/400 nm, characterizing the pigment production, ranged between 0.60 and 1.06. Twelve of the investigated strains produced citrinin and pigments, two of them produced only pigments. Two strains were not able to produce neither pigments nor citrinin. Thus, the biosynthesis of citrinin appeared to be strain-specific and does not correlate with the pigments’ biosynthesis by the fungal strains belonging to the genus Monascus.

Minimization of activated sludge production by chemically stimulated energy spilling

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 189-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.-H. Chen ◽  
H.-K. Mo ◽  
S. Saby ◽  
W.-k. Yip ◽  
Y. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Dapi Staining ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Energy Spilling ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes ◽  
Sludge Production

Minimization of excess sludge production in activated sludge processes has been pursued around the world in order to meet stringent environmental regulations on sludge treatment and disposal. To achieve this goal, physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been proposed. In this paper, a chemical compound, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) was tested for enhancing microbial energy spilling of the sludgeso as to minimize its growth. In order to examine this, an exploratory study was conducted using both batch and continuous activated sludge cultures. Batch experiments with these two cultures were carried out at different initial concentrations of TCS. It has been confirmed that an addition of TCS is effective in reducing the production of both the sludge cultures, particularly the continuous culture where the observed growth yield was reduced by around 70%, when the initial TCS concentration was 0.8 ppm. Meanwhile, the substrate removal activity of this culture was found not to be affected at this TCS concentration. To further evaluate the TCS effect, a pure microbial culture of E. coli was employed. Batch experiment results with this culture implied that TCS might be able to reduce the cell density of E. coli drastically when an initial TCS concentration was greater than 0.12 ppm. It was also found that TCS was not toxic to this type of bacteria. Microscopic examinations with a 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining technique revealed that TCS neither affected the cell division nor altered the cell size of E. coli. However, both the cell ATP content and the cell dry weight were reduced significantly with the addition of TCS.

scholarly journals Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1093-1104
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Kulczycki ◽  
Elżbieta Sacała
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Cr Content ◽  
Chromium Stress

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the influence of increasing doses of chromium (Cr) (26, 39, and 52 mg kg−1 soil) and elemental sulfur (S) (60 mg kg−1 soil) on growth, yield, and mineral nutrition in wheat and maize. Macro- and micronutrients and Cr concentrations were determined in the aboveground parts of plants. All examined doses of Cr caused a marked decrease in the fresh and dry weight of maize. Wheat was more tolerant than maize, and lower Cr doses caused a small but statistically significant increase in the total yield. Wheat accumulated more than twofold Cr than maize, and the concentrations increased with higher Cr concentrations in the soil. The application of S significantly improved the total biomass production and lowered the Cr content in both plants. Cr changed the mineral nutrition in both cereals, but the pattern of changes observed was not the same. Applying S alleviated some adverse effects caused by the Cr. Hence, it is concluded that the application of elemental S may be an effective strategy to reduce adverse effects in plants grown on soil contaminated by heavy metals, especially Cr.

The Glucose, Insulin and Glutamine Requirements of Suspension Cultures of HeLa Cells in a Difined Culture Medium

1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-537
Author(s):  
G. J. BLAKER ◽  
J. R. BIRCH ◽  
S. J. PIRT
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Serum Supplement ◽  
Protamine Sulphate ◽  
Protamine Zinc Insulin ◽  
Maximum Cell

The serum supplement in a defined medium for the growth of HeLa cells could be replaced by protamine-zinc-insulin (0.2 u./ml). Insulin (0.4 u./ml) replaced the growth-stimulatory properties of protamine-zinc-insulin, whilst protamine sulphate (5 µg/ml) was found to be toxic to the cells. The addition of insulin to cultures depleted of insulin increased both cell growth rates and maximum cell populations. In the defined medium, HeLa cells could only utilize glutamate when a small amount of glutamine was included. Glucose, at a level of 2 mg/ml, was shown to limit maximum cell populations. The growth yield from glucose was 295 µg cell dry weight/mg glucose. When the medium glucose concentration was increased to 4 mg/ml, HeLa cell populations in excess of 16 x 105 cells (i.e. 640 µg dry weight)/ml were routinely achieved in the defined medium supplemented with insulin. Growth is then limited by the amino acid supply. Increasing the amino acid concentration of the medium by 50% raised the maximum cell population to 23.5x105 cells (i.e. 940 µg dry weight)/ml.

scholarly journals Effect of arsenic on Amaranthus gangeticus

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
MZ Hossain ◽  
Sushmita Dey ◽  
MS Islam
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Arsenic Contamination ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Groundwater Arsenic ◽  
Major Nutrients

Groundwater arsenic contamination has become a threat to the crop production potential in the soils of vast areas of Bangladesh. Situation is grave in some districts of the country, particularly the southern part. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic treated irrigation water (0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mgL-1), where a total of ten (10) irrigations were provided thus the treatments received 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg arsenic (As) pot-1. Effects of applied levels of arsenic on Amaranthus gangeticus (Lal shak) were evaluated in terms of the growth, yield, major nutrients’ content, and their translocation in the plant. As treatments significantly reduced (p≤0.05) the dry weight of shoot and root by 19.31% and 44.03% respectively. Both total and available concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) were significantly (p≤ 0.05) suppressed by the As treatments, while only higher three doses significantly (p≤ 0.05) affected both levels of concentrations of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Translocation coefficients for soil to root for P, K, S, and Mg were significantly reduced (p≤ 0.05), while translocation coefficients for root to shoot were significantly increased (p≤ 0.05) for K and S by 5 and 10 mgL-1 of arsenic treatments.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(4), 259-264, 2018

scholarly journals Compost enriched with ZnO and Zn-solubilising bacteria improves yield and Zn-fortification in flooded rice

2018 ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Zeb ◽  
Azhar Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Naveed ◽  
Allah Ditta ◽  
Shakeel Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Flooded Rice

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element for humans, animals and plants, however, its deficiency has been widely reported around the world especially in flooded rice. Adequate amount of Zn is considered essential for optimum growth and development of rice. We hypothesised that management practices like Zn-mineral fertiliser, -compost, and -solubilising bacteria would improve Zn availability and uptake in flooded rice. A series of studies were conducted to find out the comparative efficacy of Zn-enriched composts (Zn-ECs) with Zn solubilising bacteria (ZnSB) vs. ZnSO4 for improved growth, yield and Zn accumulation in rice. There were six treatments viz. control, ZnSB, ZnO (80% Zn), ZnSO4 (33% Zn), Zn-EC80:20 and Zn-EC60:40. In all the treatments, Zn was applied at the rate of 5 kg ha–1 except the control. The treatment Zn-EC60:40 resulted in the maximum Zn release in soil as compared to ZnSO4 and all other treatments during incubation study. The treatment Zn-EC60:40 significantly improved root dry weight, grain yield and 100-grain weight of rice by 15, 22 and 28%, respectively as compared to ZnSO4. The same treatment resulted in the maximum increase in photosynthetic rate (11%), transpiration rate (21%), stomatal conductance (17%), chlorophyll contents (8%) and carbonic anhydrase activity (10%) while a decrease of 27% in electrolyte leakage was observed in comparison with ZnSO4 application. Moreover, the maximum increase in grain quality parameters and Zn bioaccumulation was observed with the application of Zn-EC60:40 in comparison with ZnSO4 application and all other treatments. We conclude that Zn-EC60:40 are not only an effective strategy to improve growth, physiology and yield parameters of rice, but also to improve the grain quality and Zn-bioaccumulation in rice compared to ZnSO4.

Saflufenacil Carryover Injury Varies among Rotational Crops

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Kristen E. McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Plant ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Weight Yield

Trials were established in 2007, 2008, and 2009 in Ontario, Canada, to determine the effect of soil residues of saflufenacil on growth, yield, and quality of eight rotational crops planted 1 yr after application. In the year of establishment, saflufenacil was applied PRE to field corn at rates of 75, 100, and 200 g ai ha−1. Cabbage, carrot, cucumber, onion, pea, pepper, potato, and sugar beet were planted 1 yr later, maintained weed-free, and plant dry weight, yield, and quality measures of interest to processors for each crop were determined. Reductions in dry weight and yield of all grades of cucumber were determined at both the 100 and 200 g ha−1rates of saflufenacil. Plant dry weight, bulb number, and size and yield of onion were also reduced by saflufenacil at 100 and 200 g ha−1. Sugar beet plant dry weight and yield, but not sucrose content, were decreased by saflufenacil at 100 and 200 g ha−1. Cabbage plant dry weight, head size, and yield; carrot root weight and yield; and pepper dry weight, fruit number and size, and yield were only reduced in those treatments in which twice the field corn rate had been applied to simulate the effect of spray overlap in the previous year. Pea and potato were not negatively impacted by applications of saflufenacil in the year prior to planting. It is recommended that cabbage, carrot, cucumber, onion, pepper, and sugar beet not be planted the year after saflufenacil application at rates up to 200 g ha−1. Pea and potato can be safely planted the year following application of saflufenacil up to rates of 200 g ha−1.

Response of Concord Grapes (Vitis labrusca) to 2,4-D in Irrigation Water

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Comes ◽  
Louis Y. Marquis ◽  
Allen D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Vitis Labrusca ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

In field studies 0.1 ppmw ae or less 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied by sprinklers in 5.1 cm of water over 8 h did not affect the number or dry weight of leaves or length of canes of 1-yr-old Concord grape plants (Vitis labruscaL.). A second application at 0.01 ppmw or higher to the same plants 1 yr later reduced growth of leaves, canes, and trunk. Combined effects of root pruning (required to position plants for treatment the second year) and 2,4-D probably account for this apparent anomaly. When 2,4-D was applied annually at 1.0 ppmw or less to established plants for three consecutive years, growth, yield, and fruit quality were not affected. No residues of 2,4-D were detected in the fruit at harvest (detection limit 0.05 ppmw). Grapes treated with 1.0 ppmw 2,4-D developed moderate injury symptoms.

scholarly journals Effects of lead on growth, yield and mineral nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
P Jasmin ◽  
WZ Prian ◽  
MN Mondol ◽  
SM Ullah ◽  
AS Chamon
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Lead Uptake ◽  
Positive Effects

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of lead (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg-1) on rice (Oryza sativa) and remediation of metal contamination by applying cow dung, poultry litter and lime to alleviate lead toxicity. The lengths, fresh and dry weights of shoot, root and macronutrients decreased with increasing level of lead compared to the control. The maximum reduction was observed in the pots treated with 200 mg kg-1 lead (19.50 and 20.03% for grain, 17.15 and 19.75% for shoot and 17.96 and 30.02% for root on the fresh and dry weight, respectively). The highest reduction in macronutrient content was observed in 200 mg kg-1 lead treated pot where N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations were reduced by 31.14, 47.44, 22.49, 21.84 and 31.58% for shoot and 28.95, 55.64, 37.5, 49.33 and 23% for root, respectively. On the other hand lead concentration in roots and shoots were increased with increasing lead treatment compared to the control. Treatments of the amendments (cow dung, poultry litter and lime) had positive effects though cow dung outshining the rest of them. This particular organic matter had considerable decreasing impacts in lead uptake by rice. Cow dung treated pots increased fresh and dry weight by 31.48 and 32.07% for grain, 14.08 and 35.30% for shoot and 57.09 and 34.48% for root compared to pot treated with 100 mg kg-1 lead. Cow dung remediated lead concentration by 48.85, 65.00 and 62.00% for grain, shoot and root, respectively. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2019, 5(2): 83-92

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