Production of nitrous oxide by Nitrosomonas europaea: effects of acetylene, pH, and oxygen

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell K. Hynes ◽  
Roger Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Nitrosomonas Europaea ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Sterile Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Liquid Suspension ◽  
Aerobic Cell

Aerobic cell suspensions of Nitrosomonas europaea oxidized ammonium [Formula: see text] to nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrite [Formula: see text], and exogenous [Formula: see text] in the presence or absence of [Formula: see text] did not stimulate N2O formation. Acetylene (C2H2) inhibited the production of [Formula: see text] and N2O from [Formula: see text] but not from hydroxylamine (NH2OH). The total amount of N2O formed in air was proportional to the amount of [Formula: see text] oxidized; however, the total N2O N formed as a percentage of [Formula: see text] N formed varied very little (0.05–0.15%) over the range of [Formula: see text] concentrations examined (0.05–20.4 mM). Rates of production of N2O and [Formula: see text] showed similar response to pH over the range of 5.4–9.5, with maxima at pH 8.5. Anaerobically, five times more N2O was formed than under aerobic conditions. The highest rates of anaerobic N2O formation were observed in the presence of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] combined (2 and 1 mM, respectively) and C2H2 reduced this rate of N2O formation to that observed with 1 mM[Formula: see text] alone in the presence or absence of C2H2. The presence of the [Formula: see text] oxidizer Nitrobacter winogradskyi had no effect on the formation of N2O by Ns. europaea either in liquid culture or in sterile soil. However, the presence of sterile soil as a suspending matrix increased by 10-fold the production of N2O, and broadened the range of O2 concentrations under which relatively high rates of N2O production occurred. Maximum N2O production by Ns. europaea occurred at 0.75 kPa O2 in liquid suspension and at 2.5 kPa O2 in sterile soil.

Effects of sulfide and acetylene on nitrous oxide reduction by soil and by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1133-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tat-Yee Tam ◽  
Roger Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sodium Sulfide ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Inhibition Assay ◽  
Sterile Soil ◽  
Washed Cell ◽  
Complete Reduction ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Reduction

The production and reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) after the addition of N2O, nitrite (NO2−), or nitrate (NO3−) was studied in non-sterile soil, in sterilized soil inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and in washed cell suspensions of this organism. Sodium sulfide (8 μmol S2− mL−1 or g−1) inhibited N2O reduction markedly in cell suspensions and also in soil, an effect which may cause sulfidic habitats to act as sources of N2O. Sodium thiosulfate (up to 64 μmol S2O32− g−1) showed no such effect. Acetylene (0.02 atm C2H2) completely inhibited the reduction of N2O by soil, but the combination of C2H2 with 8 μmol S2− g−1 permitted the complete reduction of 2 μmol added N2O g−1 within 3 days under the most favourable conditions. Under the same conditions, 8 μmol S2O32− g−1 permitted complete reduction of the N2O within 6 days. The rate of such reduction of N2O was decreased, but not inhibited completely, by raising the C2H2 concentration to 0.11 atm. The data have important implications for the effectiveness of the C2H2 inhibition assay of denitrification in highly anaerobic environments.

scholarly journals Biochar and urease inhibitor mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions and improve wheat yield in a urea fertilized alkaline soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadim Dawar ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
M. M. R. Jahangir ◽  
Iqbal Munir ◽  
Syed Sartaj Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Assimilation

AbstractIn this study, we explored the role of biochar (BC) and/or urease inhibitor (UI) in mitigating ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) discharge from urea fertilized wheat cultivated fields in Pakistan (34.01°N, 71.71°E). The experiment included five treatments [control, urea (150 kg N ha−1), BC (10 Mg ha−1), urea + BC and urea + BC + UI (1 L ton−1)], which were all repeated four times and were carried out in a randomized complete block design. Urea supplementation along with BC and BC + UI reduced soil NH3 emissions by 27% and 69%, respectively, compared to sole urea application. Nitrous oxide emissions from urea fertilized plots were also reduced by 24% and 53% applying BC and BC + UI, respectively, compared to urea alone. Application of BC with urea improved the grain yield, shoot biomass, and total N uptake of wheat by 13%, 24%, and 12%, respectively, compared to urea alone. Moreover, UI further promoted biomass and grain yield, and N assimilation in wheat by 38%, 22% and 27%, respectively, over sole urea application. In conclusion, application of BC and/or UI can mitigate NH3 and N2O emissions from urea fertilized soil, improve N use efficiency (NUE) and overall crop productivity.

scholarly journals Denitrifying pathways dominate nitrous oxide emissions from managed grassland during drought and rewetting

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. eabb7118
Author(s):  
E. Harris ◽  
E. Diaz-Pines ◽  
E. Stoll ◽  
M. Schloter ◽  
S. Schulz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Past ◽  
Precipitation Changes ◽  
Isotopic Measurements

Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas whose atmospheric growth rate has accelerated over the past decade. Most anthropogenic N2O emissions result from soil N fertilization, which is converted to N2O via oxic nitrification and anoxic denitrification pathways. Drought-affected soils are expected to be well oxygenated; however, using high-resolution isotopic measurements, we found that denitrifying pathways dominated N2O emissions during a severe drought applied to managed grassland. This was due to a reversible, drought-induced enrichment in nitrogen-bearing organic matter on soil microaggregates and suggested a strong role for chemo- or codenitrification. Throughout rewetting, denitrification dominated emissions, despite high variability in fluxes. Total N2O flux and denitrification contribution were significantly higher during rewetting than for control plots at the same soil moisture range. The observed feedbacks between precipitation changes induced by climate change and N2O emission pathways are sufficient to account for the accelerating N2O growth rate observed over the past decade.

Nitrous oxide production in two forested watersheds exhibiting symptoms of nitrogen saturation

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1723-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T Peterjohn ◽  
Richard J McGervey ◽  
Alan J Sexstone ◽  
Martin J Christ ◽  
Cassie J Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrogen Saturation ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Forested Watersheds ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Production ◽  
Poorly Drained Soils

A major concern about N saturation is that it may increase the production of a strong greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). We measured N2O production in two forested watersheds, a young, fertilized forest (WS 3) and an older, unfertilized forest (WS 4), to (i) assess the importance of N2O production in forests showing symptoms of N saturation; (ii) estimate the contribution of chemoautrophic nitrification to total N2O production; and (iii) examine the relative importance of factors that may control N2O production. During the study period, mean monthly rates of N2O production (3.41-11.42 µ N ·m-2·h-1) were consistent with measurements from other well-drained forest soils but were much lower than measurements from N-rich sites with poorly drained soils. Chemoautotrophic nitrification was important in both watersheds, accounting for 60% (WS 3) and 40% (WS 4) of total N2O production. In WS 3, N2O production was enhanced by additions of CaCO3 and may be constrained by low soil pH. In WS 4, N2O production on south-facing slopes was exceptionally low, constrained by low NO3 availability, and associated with a distinct assemblage of woody vegetation. From this observation, we hypothesize that differences in vegetation can influence N cycling rates and susceptibility to N saturation.

scholarly journals Effect of carbon and nitrogen addition on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide fluxes from thawing forest soils

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Haohao ◽  
Xu Xingkai ◽  
Duan Cuntao ◽  
Li TuanSheng ◽  
Cheng Weiguo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs

AbstractPacked soil-core incubation experiments were done to study the effects of carbon (glucose, 6.4 g C m−2) and nitrogen (NH4Cl and KNO3, 4.5 g N m−2) addition on nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes during thawing of frozen soils under two forest stands (broadleaf and Korean pine mixed forest and white birch forest) with two moisture levels (55 and 80% water-filled pore space). With increasing soil moisture, the magnitude and longevity of the flush N2O flux from forest soils was enhanced during the early period of thawing, which was accompanied by great NO3−-N consumption. Without N addition, the glucose-induced cumulative CO2fluxes ranged from 9.61 to 13.49 g CO2-C m−2, which was larger than the dose of carbon added as glucose. The single addition of glucose increased microbial biomass carbon but slightly affected soil dissolved organic carbon pool. Thus, the extra carbon released upon addition of glucose can result from the decomposition of soil native organic carbon. The glucose-induced N2O and CO2fluxes were both significantly correlated to the glucose-induced total N and dissolved organic carbon pools and influenced singly and interactively by soil moisture and KNO3addition. The interactive effects of glucose and nitrogen inputs on N2O and CO2fluxes from forest soils after frost depended on N sources, soil moisture, and vegetation types.

scholarly journals Evidence for Enhanced Dissipation of Chlorpyrifos in an Agricultural Soil Inoculated with Serratia Rubidaea Strain ABS 10

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Ben Salem ◽  
Hanene Chaabane ◽  
Tesnime Ghazouani ◽  
Pierluigi Caboni ◽  
Valentina Coroneo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Bacterial Strain ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Minimal Salt Medium ◽  
Salt Medium ◽  
Sterile Soil ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Serratia Rubidaea

Abstract Important mineralization of 14C-chlorpyrifos was found in a Tunisian soil exposed repeatedly to this insecticide. A bacterial strain able to grow in minimal salt medium (MSM) supplemented with 25 mg L− 1 of chlorpyrifos was isolated from this soil. It was characterized as Serratia rubidaea strain ABS 10 using morphological and biochemical analyses, as well as 16S rRNA sequencing. In liquid culture S. rubidaea stain ABS 10 was able to almost entirely dissipate chlorpyrifos within 48 hours of incubation. Although, S. rubidaea strain ABS 10 was able to grow on MSM supplemented with chlorpyrifos and to dissipate it in liquid culture, it was not able to mineralize 14C-chlorpyrifos. Therefore, one can conclude that the dissipation capability of this bacteria might be attributed to its capacity to adsorb CHL. In both non-sterile and sterile soil inoculated with S. rubidaea strain ABS 10, chlorpyrifos was more rapidly dissipated than in respective controls.

scholarly journals Contribution of the cotton irrigation network to farm nitrous oxide emissions

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. T. Macdonald ◽  
A. Nadelko ◽  
Y. Chang ◽  
M. Glover ◽  
S. Warneke
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Total N ◽  
Irrigation Network

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and agriculture is the dominant source of N2O-N emissions. The Australian cotton industry requires high inputs of N to maintain high lint quality and yields; however, over-fertilisation with N is symptomatic of the industry. Up to 3.5% of N fertiliser applied is lost directly from cotton fields as N2O gas. Excess N may also be lost via erosion, deep-drainage, leaching and runoff, and may subsequently form indirect N2O emissions. The estimate by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests that 0.0025kg N2O-N is produced indirectly from groundwater and surface drainage for each kg N lost via runoff and leaching, although this estimate carries a large degree of uncertainty. This study is the first to address the lack of indirect N2O emission data from irrigated cotton-farming systems. Indirect emissions were determined from total N concentrations in irrigation runoff by using the IPCC emission factor and from measurements of dissolved N2O during the first four irrigations (October–December 2013). Total indirect N2O emissions from the surface of the irrigation network over 3 months when estimated by the dissolved-N2O method were 0.503±0.339kgha–1. By contrast, N2O emissions estimated by the IPCC methodology were 0.843±0.022kgha–1 irrigation surface area. Over the same period of measurement, direct land-surface emissions were 1.44kgN2O-Nha–1 field. Despite relatively high emissions per surface area, the irrigation network is only a minor component of the total farm area, and indirect emissions from the irrigation system contribute ~2.4–4% of the total N2O emissions and <0.02% of the applied N fertiliser.

Potential for biological denitrification of fertilizer nitrogen in sugarcane soils

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
KL Weier ◽  
CW McEwan ◽  
I Vallis ◽  
VR Catchpoole ◽  
RJ Myers
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N ◽  
Biological Denitrification ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Ratoon Sugarcane ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Crop Management Systems

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is being lost from sugarcane soils following application to the crop. This study was conducted to estimate the quantity of N being lost from the soil through biological denitrification and to determine the proportion of gaseous N being emitted either as N2O or as N2. Field studies were conducted on four different soils (humic gley, alluvial massive earth, red earth and gleyed podzolic), and on different crop management systems, by installing plastic (PVC) cylinders (23.5 cm diam., 25 cm long) in the soil to a depth of 20 cm beside the plant row in a ratoon sugarcane crop. 15N-labelled KNO3 was applied as a band across each cylinder to a depth of 2.5 cm at a rate of 160 kg N/ha. After rainfall or irrigation, the cylinders were capped for 3 h intervals and gas in the headspace sampled in the morning and afternoon, for up to 4 days. Denitrification losses from the humic gley ranged from 247 g N/ha.day for cultivated plots to 1673 g N/ha.day for no-till plots. Over the sampling period, this was equivalent to 3.2% and 19.7% of the N applied, respectively. Nitrous oxide accounted for 46% to 78% of the total N lost. For the alluvial, massive earth and the red earth and gleyed podzolic, losses over the sampling period ranged from 25 to 117 g N/h.day and represented <1% of the N applied. Recovery of 15N in the soil ranged from 67% at the first sampling on the red earth soil to 4.9% at the third sampling on the alluvial, massive earth soil. In a glasshouse study, intact soil cores (23.5 cm diam., 20 cm long), taken from the humic gley and the alluvial, massive earth, were waterlogged after band application of 15N-labelled KNO3 at a rate of 160 kg N/ha. Gas samples from the headspace were taken after 3 h, and then morning and afternoon for the next 14 days. Denitrification losses ranged from 13.2 to 38.6% of N applied with the majority of gaseous N loss occurring as N2. Total recoveries after 14 days, including the evolved gases, ranged from 68.7 to 88.2%. We conclude that denitrification is a major cause of fertilizer N loss from fine-textured soils, with nitrous oxide the major gaseous N product when soil nitrate concentrations are high.

scholarly journals Potential of Aerobic Denitrification by Pseudomonas stutzeri TR2 To Reduce Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (14) ◽  
pp. 4619-4625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morio Miyahara ◽  
Sang-Wan Kim ◽  
Shinya Fushinobu ◽  
Koki Takaki ◽  
Takeshi Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Pseudomonas Stutzeri ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Aerobic Denitrification ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Denitrification Activity

ABSTRACT In contrast to most denitrifiers studied so far, Pseudomonas stutzeri TR2 produces low levels of nitrous oxide (N2O) even under aerobic conditions. We compared the denitrification activity of strain TR2 with those of various denitrifiers in an artificial medium that was derived from piggery wastewater. Strain TR2 exhibited strong denitrification activity and produced little N2O under all conditions tested. Its growth rate under denitrifying conditions was near comparable to that under aerobic conditions, showing a sharp contrast to the lower growth rates of other denitrifiers under denitrifying conditions. Strain TR2 was tolerant to toxic nitrite, even utilizing it as a good denitrification substrate. When both nitrite and N2O were present, strain TR2 reduced N2O in preference to nitrite as the denitrification substrate. This bacterial strain was readily able to adapt to denitrifying conditions by expressing the denitrification genes for cytochrome cd 1 nitrite reductase (NiR) (nirS) and nitrous oxide reductase (NoS) (nosZ). Interestingly, nosZ was constitutively expressed even under nondenitrifying, aerobic conditions, consistent with our finding that strain TR2 preferred N2O to nitrite. These properties of strain TR2 concerning denitrification are in sharp contrast to those of well-characterized denitrifiers. These results demonstrate that some bacterial species, such as strain TR2, have adopted a strategy for survival by preferring denitrification to oxygen respiration. The bacterium was also shown to contain the potential to reduce N2O emissions when applied to sewage disposal fields.

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