Molecular architecture of the hyphal wall of Achlya ambisexualis Raper. I. Chemical analyses

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1092-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia B. Reiskind ◽  
J. T. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Linkage Pattern ◽  
Achlya Ambisexualis ◽  
Hyphal Wall

Chemical analyses of the hyphal wall of Achlya ambisexualis Raper were done in an attempt to provide a basis for understanding the molecular architecture of the wall. Walls were isolated, purified, and fractionated by differential solubility. The wall and its fractions were then hydrolyzed by acid or enzymes. The resulting hydrolysates were analyzed by paper and gas–liquid chromatography for their neutral sugar content and type of glycosidic linkages. The degree of branching was estimated by periodate oxidation. The only monosaccharide detected was glucose. Three disaccharides, laminaribiose gentiobiose, and cellobiose, were detected, thus indicating β-1,3, β-1,6, and β-1,4 linkages. Acid-soluble β-1,3-glucan with single β-1,6-linked residues represented 40% of the wall. Alkali-soluble glucan, a linear polymer of β-1,3 and β-1,4 linkage with occasional β-1,6 side chains, represented 7% of the wall. Cellulose, as determined by solubility and X-ray diffraction represented 21% of the wall. The insoluble residuum (6%) which remained after these solubilizations had a linkage pattern similar to the alkali-soluble fraction. An insoluble component consisting of glucosamine represented 3% of the wall. Protein comprised 10% of the wall and on hydrolysis gave the full spectrum of amino acids including hydroxyproline. Small amounts of phosphorus were detected.

Molecular architecture of the hyphal wall of Achlya ambisexualis Raper. II. Ultrastructural analyses and a proposed model

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1100-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia B. Reiskind ◽  
J. T. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Model ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Cellulose I ◽  
Cellulose Solvent ◽  
Surface Configuration ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Achlya Ambisexualis ◽  
Acid And Alkali Treatment ◽  
Hyphal Wall

The surface configuration of hyphal walls and various fractions of the wall were analyzed by electron microscopy using carbon–platinum replicas. Fractionation was carried out with both enzymes and chemical solvents. Laminarinase with or without protease and acid with alkali removed the acid- and alkali-soluble glucans revealing an underlying pattern of microfibrils. The combination of cellulase, laminarinase, and protease essentially dissolved the hyphae. The cellulose solvent cadoxen removed the microfibrillar pattern which was exposed following acid and alkali treatment. The acid-soluble fraction is amorphous, the alkali-soluble and the insoluble residuum is faintly microfibrillar, and the cellulose II preparation is strongly microfibrillar. Both the cellulose I and the chitinlike fractions are uniformly microfibrillar. Morphologically, the wall consists of an outer matrix of β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucans covering an inner cellulosic protein core. Both a diagrammatic and molecular model are proposed.

scholarly journals Resolution, purification and some properties of the multiple forms of cellobiose quinone dehydrogenase from the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum

1986 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
F F Morpeth ◽  
G D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Sedimentation Equilibrium ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Sporotrichum Pulverulentum ◽  
Similar Kinetic

Four forms of cellobiose quinone dehydrogenase have been purified from the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum. The Mr of the enzyme has been estimated by sedimentation equilibrium to be 57,800 and by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel to be 60,000. These enzymes are clearly monomers. Cellobiose quinone dehydrogenases contain FAD and variable amounts of a green chromophore which we suggest is 6-hydroxy-FAD. The superoxide anion and H2O2 are the products of its reaction with oxygen. All of the isoenzymes from any one preparation display similar kinetic parameters. However, these vary between preparations. The only apparent difference between the four separable isoenzymes is their neutral-sugar content.

Analysis of sugars in dwarf mistletoe nectar

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 2533-2538 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Brewer ◽  
K. J. Collyard ◽  
C. E. Lott Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Insect Pollinator ◽  
High Sugar Content

Nectar produced by pistillate flowers of the dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium abietinum Engelm. was analyzed by thin-layer and gas–liquid chromatography. The inconspicuous (0.5–1.5 mm) flowers produce relatively large (0.24 μliter) droplets of highly concentrated nectar (58–92% total solids, expressed as sugars). The major components were glucose (48%), fructose (39%), and sucrose (11%). Traces of other sugars were also present. It is suggested that nectar of this high sugar content is probably a strong insect pollinator attractant, and this, in turn, may be a major factor in the successful spread of the parasitic dwarf mistletoes.

Identification of genes differentially expressed in a strain of the moldAspergillus nidulanscarrying a loss-of-function mutation in thepalAgene

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliana M. Silva ◽  
Janaína S. Freitas ◽  
Diana E. Gras ◽  
Fábio M. Squina ◽  
Juliana Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Secretion Signal

To identify genes differentially expressed in a strain of the mold Aspergillus nidulans carrying a loss-of-function mutation in palA, a gene in the pH-responsive signal transduction pathway, suppression subtractive hybridization was performed between RNA isolated from the biA1 and biA1 palA1 strains grown under limiting inorganic phosphate at pH 5.0. We have identified several genes upregulated in the biA1 palA1 mutant strain that play important roles in mitotic fidelity, stress responses, enzyme secretion, signal transduction mechanisms, development, genome stability, phosphate sensing, and transcriptional regulation among others. The upregulation of eight of these transcripts was also validated by Northern blot. Moreover, we show that a loss of function mutation in the palA gene drastically reduced the neutral sugar content of the acid phosphatase PacA secreted by the fungus A. nidulans grown at pH 5.0 compared with a control strain.

Polyol and sugar content of terrestrial plants from continental Antarctica

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Roser ◽  
D.R. Melick ◽  
H.U. Ling ◽  
R.D. Seppelt
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Antarctic Species ◽  
Prasiola Crispa ◽  
Windmill Islands ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Ethanol extractable polyols and sugars from the dominant cryptogams of the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, were characterized and quantified by gas liquid chromatography. Arabitol, ribitol and mannitol were the major low molecular weight carbohydrates extracted from all eight species of lichen analysed. Total extractable carbohydrate levels (20–60 mg g−1 dry weight) were comparable to those for temperate lichens. Extracts of four common bryophyte species were dominated by sucrose, glucose and fructose; little polyhydric alcohol was detected except in the liverwort Cephaloziella exiliflora which contained a substantial proportion of mannitol. Total carbohydrate levels in the bryophytes (9–60 mg g−1 dry weight) were comparable to those in lichens. The compositions of eight species of algae varied considerably. Prasiola crispa, Desmococcus vulgaris and Schizogonium murale possessed sorbitol as their main constituent and had extractable carbohydrate contents comparable to those found in bryophytes on a dry weight or chlorophyll a content basis. The one snow alga with comparable carbohydrate levels, Mesotaenium berggrenii, contained sucrose, glucose, glycerol and a number of unidentified compounds. The remaining four species (Oscillatoria sp., Chloromonas sp.1 and Chlorosarcina sp. 2 and Chlamydomonas pseudopulsatilla) did not accumulate comparable levels of sugars and polyols. Though the levels of these compounds were much lower in the Windmill Islands lichens than in maritime Antarctic species, their content with respect to water content (0.7–7 molal) was well above that at which cold acclimated plants accumulate these compounds (c. 100–500 millimolal), and which provide cryoprotection in vitro. In the case of the bryophytes and algae, however, the in vivo content was generally < 100 millimolal.

SPXY Sample Classification Method and Successive Projections Algorithm Combined with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Determination of Total Sugar Content of Southern Xinjiang Jujube

2014 ◽  
Vol 1030-1032 ◽  
pp. 352-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Fa Peng ◽  
Hua Ping Luo ◽  
Xue Ning Luo ◽  
Ying Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Successive Projections Algorithm ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Characteristic Wavelength ◽  
Successive Projections ◽  
Southern Xinjiang

Sugar degree is an important indicator of red jujube internal quality. The main objectives of this paper are to minimize the collinearity between spectral variables, to find the variable groups which containing the lowest redundant information,and establish the model with better robustness by means of fewer variables. This paper uses SPXY (sample set partitioning based on joint x-y distances) to divide calibrating samples,and applies successive projections algorithm (SPA) to select the near-infrared spectral characteristic variable of southern Xinjiang jujube total sugar. To further establish the partial least squares (PLS) model with selected variables. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of the model is 2.8804. The correlation coefficient of prediction r is 0.9005.To compare the established PLS model results between SPA selecting variables and full spectrum. The results showed that: Firstly, the divided calibrating samples is reasonable in SPXY way.Secondly, SPA optimizes 9 variables of the full spectrum 1557 variables,and prediction effect of the established PLS model is better than the full spectrum PLS model.Finally,SPA can effectively select characteristic wavelength of component under test.

scholarly journals Sugary enhancer1 (se1) Gene Endosperm Dosage and Sweet Corn Carbohydrate Content

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 625a-625
Author(s):  
Anne C. Kurilich ◽  
Shyh-Shyan Wang ◽  
John A. Juvik
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sucrose Content ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Biochemical Lesion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Subsequent Chemical

Inbreds IL451b sugary1 (su1) and IL678a su1 isogenic for the sugary enhancer1 (se1) gene mutation were used to analyze the relationship between se1 gene dosage and endosperm sugar content. Each line was self-pollinated and reciprocal crosses were made between the isolines of each genotype to produce se1 gene dosages of 0, 1, 2, and 3 in the triploid endosperm. Ears were harvested at 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 45 days after pollination (DAP). Whole kernels were freeze-dried, ground into powder, and stored at –80°C until subsequent chemical analyses. Sucrose, glucose and fructose were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), the results of which indicated a significant increase in kernel sugar content when the se1 allele is homozygous. \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\begin{array}{lcl}&\underline{\mathrm{Sucrose\ content\ at}{\ }21{\ }\mathrm{DAP}(\%{\ }\mathrm{dry}{\ }\mathrm{wt})}&\\\underline{se1{\ }\mathrm{dose}}&\underline{\mathrm{IL}{\ }451\mathrm{b}}&\underline{\mathrm{IL}{\ }678\mathrm{a}}\\0&9.6&10.3\\1&8.0&10.7\\2&11.3&10.9\\3&15.8&12.2\end{array}\] \end{document} Sucrose content at 21 DAP (typical maturity for harvesting) was observed to increase in the IL451b and IL678a backgrounds from zero to three doses of se1 by 65% and 18% respectively, indicating that this mutation varies in its expression in different genetic backgrounds. Associations between kernel phytoglycogen and starch content and se1 gene dosage are presented. The biochemical lesion associated with the se1 gene product is discussed.

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