Effects of carbon and nitrogen supplementation on lignin and cellulose decomposition by a Streptomyces

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 859-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maichael J. Barder ◽  
Don L. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Cellulose Decomposition ◽  
Ion Effects

Effects of nitrogen source and concentration and organic carbon cosubstrates on lignin and cellulose degradation by Streptomyces badius strain 252 were examined using 14C-labeled substrates prepared from Pseudotsuga menziesii twigs. As compared with white-rot fungi, which do not degrade lignin in the absence of a readily metabolizable carbon cosubstrate, degradation of a milled-wood lignin occurred in a minimal medium, although degradation by S. badius was greatly enhanced when organic nitrogen and an organic carbon cosubstrate were added to the medium. Lignin degradation was greatest in the presence of high levels of organic nitrogen. Further enhancement of lignin and cellulose degradation occurred in a medium containing organic nitrogen supplemented with low levels of NO3−. The specific effects of inorganic nitrogen on lignocellulose degradation by S. badius in an otherwise optimal medium included both enhancement and inhibition of lignin or cellulose degradation depending on the source and concentration of inorganic nitrogen used. These effects were distinctly different from those observed with white-rot fungi and were shown to be specific ion effects on polymer degradation and not simply a salt concentration effect on cellular growth.

Dissolved nutrients and organic particulates in water flowing over coral reefs at Lizard Island

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Crossland ◽  
DJ Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Dissolved Nutrients ◽  
Reef Complex ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Lizard Island ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Benthic Zone

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients and organic particulates were measured in seawater flowing across the windward and leeward reef flats of the lagoonal reef complex at Lizard Island. Measurements were made during the day, at night, and at various stages of the tide over a period of several weeks. The reef complex, as a whole, did not consume or export statistically significant amounts of inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, silicate, organic nitrogen or organic carbon. Depletion or elevation of nutrient levels in one benthic zone appeared to be balanced by production or consumption in downstream zones.

scholarly journals Modelling carbon overconsumption and the formation of extracellular particulate organic carbon

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schartau ◽  
A. Engel ◽  
J. Schröter ◽  
S. Thoms ◽  
C. Völker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Phytoplankton Growth ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Model Parameters

Abstract. During phytoplankton growth a fraction of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) assimilated by phytoplankton is exuded in the form of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which can be transformed into extracellular particulate organic carbon (POC). A major fraction of extracellular POC is associated with carbon of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP; carbon content = TEPC) that form from dissolved polysaccharides (PCHO). The exudation of PCHO is linked to an excessive uptake of DIC that is not directly quantifiable from utilisation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), called carbon overconsumption. Given these conditions, the concept of assuming a constant stoichiometric carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio for estimating new production of POC from DIN uptake becomes inappropriate. Here, a model of carbon overconsumption is analysed, combining phytoplankton growth with TEPC formation. The model describes two modes of carbon overconsumption. The first mode is associated with DOC exudation during phytoplankton biomass accumulation. The second mode is decoupled from algal growth, but leads to a continuous rise in POC while particulate organic nitrogen (PON) remains constant. While including PCHO coagulation, the model goes beyond a purely physiological explanation of building up carbon rich particulate organic matter (POM). The model is validated against observations from a mesocosm study. Maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters, such as nitrogen- and carbon loss rates of phytoplankton, are determined. The optimisation yields results with higher rates for carbon exudation than for the loss of organic nitrogen. It also suggests that the PCHO fraction of exuded DOC was 63±20% during the mesocosm experiment. Optimal estimates are obtained for coagulation kernels for PCHO transformation into TEPC. Model state estimates are consistent with observations, where 30% of the POC increase was attributed to TEPC formation. The proposed model is of low complexity and is applicable for large-scale biogeochemical simulations.

scholarly journals The Pathogenic White-Rot Fungus Heterobasidion parviporum Responds to Spruce Xylem Defense by Enhanced Production of Oxalic Acid

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1450-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Elisabeth Nagy ◽  
Harald Kvaalen ◽  
Monica Fongen ◽  
Carl Gunnar Fossdal ◽  
Nicholas Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Reaction Zone ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Fungal Genes

Pathogen challenge of tree sapwood induces the formation of reaction zones with antimicrobial properties such as elevated pH and cation content. Many fungi lower substrate pH by secreting oxalic acid, its conjugate base oxalate being a reductant as well as a chelating agent for cations. To examine the role of oxalic acid in pathogenicity of white-rot fungi, we conducted spatial quantification of oxalate, transcript levels of related fungal genes, and element concentrations in heartwood of Norway spruce challenged naturally by Heterobasidion parviporum. In the pathogen-compromised reaction zone, upregulation of an oxaloacetase gene generating oxalic acid coincided with oxalate and cation accumulation and presence of calcium oxalate crystals. The colonized inner heartwood showed trace amounts of oxalate. Moreover, fungal exposure to the reaction zone under laboratory conditions induced oxaloacetase and oxalate accumulation, whereas heartwood induced a decarboxylase gene involved in degradation of oxalate. The excess level of cations in defense xylem inactivates pathogen-secreted oxalate through precipitation and, presumably, only after cation neutralization can oxalic acid participate in lignocellulose degradation. This necessitates enhanced production of oxalic acid by H. parviporum. This study is the first to determine the true influence of white-rot fungi on oxalate crystal formation in tree xylem.

Note. Production of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) on lignocellulosic residues / Nota. Cultivo del hongo shiitake (Lentinus edodes) en residuos lignocelulósicos

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Morais ◽  
A.C. Ramos ◽  
N. Matos ◽  
E J. Santos Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Protein Rich

Fungi, namely white-rot fungi, growing on lignocellulosic substrates such as wood and straw secrete a mixture of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes that depolymerize the substrate components. Biocon version of lignocellulosic agro-residues through mushroom cultivation offers the potential for con verting these residues into protein-rich palatable food, reducing the environmental impact of the wastes. The growth of four strains of the mushroom Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. in four different substrates was studied. The mushrooms were cultivated in particulate sawdust substrates enclosed in autoclavable plastic bags. This 'space bag' production of biomass offers foreshortened production cycles. The fructification phase occurred during 10 days after a spawn-run time of 90 days compared with 18 months to two years for traditional methods. Mushroom production depended on strain, varying from 12.5% to 15.0%. Biological efficiency comprised between 42.3% and 59.5%. The fruiting bodies were analyzed to determine their nutritional value. They had high contents of protein and total carbohydrates but low contents of lipids and nucleic acids. L. edodes has low fiber content com pared with other species. Cellulose degradation was similar for all the strains which had produced carpophores. Lignin degradation comprised between 40.7% and 59.10%.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen and carbon sources on the production of inulinase from strain Bacillus sp. SG113

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Simeon Gavrailov ◽  
Viara Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Abstract The effects of the carbon and nitrogen substrates on the growth of Bacillus sp. SG113 strain were studied. The use of organic nitrogen sources (peptone, beef extract, yeast extract, casein) leads to rapid cellular growth and the best results for the Bacillus strain were obtained with casein hydrolysate. From the inorganic nitrogen sources studied, the (NH4) 2SO4 proved to be the best nitrogen source. Casein hydrolysate and (NH4) 2SO4 stimulated the invertase synthesis. In the presence of Jerusalem artichoke, onion and garlic extracts as carbon sources the strain synthesized from 6 to 10 times more inulinase.

scholarly journals Application of lignocellulolytic fungi for bioethanol production from renewable biomass

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Jovic ◽  
Jelena Pejin ◽  
Suncica Kocic-Tanackov ◽  
Ljiljana Mojovic
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Alcohol Oxidase ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pre Treatment

Pretreatment is a necessary step in the process of conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol; by changing the structure of lignocellulose, enhances enzymatic hydrolysis, but, often, it consumes large amounts of energy and/or needs an application of expensive and toxic chemicals, which makes the process economically and ecologically unfavourable. Application of lignocellulolytic fungi (from the class Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes) is an attractive method for pre-treatment, environmentally friendly and does not require the investment of energy. Fungi produce a wide range of enzymes and chemicals, which, combined in a variety of ways, together successfully degrade lignocellulose, as well as aromatic polymers that share features with lignin. On the basis of material utilization and features of a rotten wood, they are divided in three types of wood-decay fungi: white rot, brown rot and soft rot fungi. White rot fungi are the most efficient lignin degraders in nature and, therefore, have a very important role in carbon recycling from lignified wood. This paper describes fungal mechanisms of lignocellulose degradation. They involve oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms. Lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase, cellobiose dehydrogenase and enzymes able to catalyze formation of hydroxyl radicals (?OH) such as glyoxal oxidase, pyranose-2-oxidase and aryl-alcohol oxidase are responsible for oxidative processes, while cellulases and hemicellulases are involved in hydrolytic processes. Throughout the production stages, from pre-treatment to fermentation, the possibility of their application in the technology of bioethanol production is presented. Based on previous research, the advantages and disadvantages of biological pre-treatment are pointed out.

Carbon and nitrogen budgets of two Ascidians and their symbiont, Prochloron, in a tropical seagrass meadow

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Koike ◽  
M Yamamuro ◽  
PC Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Seagrass Meadow ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Host Animal ◽  
Nitrogen Budgets ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Surrounding Environment

Two species of ascidian, Didemnum molle Herdman and Lissoclinum voeltzkowi Michaelsen, were collected from a Fijian seagrass meadow. The primary production of their symbiont (Prochloron), the inorganic nitrogen metabolism and the filtration rate were measured to assess the nutritional coupling between the symbiont and the host animal. The loss of organic carbon due to the respiration of D. molle (1.1 �g at. C (mg dry wt)-1 day-1) was greater than that supplied through photosynthesis of the Prochloron (0.69 �g at. C (mg dry wt)-1 day,-1). The carbon supplied through filter-feeding appeared to supplement the ascidian's carbon budget. In contrast, organic carbon from the Prochloron of L. voeltzkowi appeared to meet the colony's respiration needs. The nitrogen budgets of both ascidian colonies were estimated from their respiration rates, the nitrogen requirement of the Prochloron, and the uptake of inorganic nitrogen and particulate organic nitrogen uptake from the water column. The nitrogen incorporated from the surrounding environment could contribute to the net nitrogen gain of the colony. However, our estimate of the nitrogen needed by the Prochloron was much greater than that which could be supplied externally. The amount of nitrogen released by the ascidians was also greater than that which could be supplied externally. This suggests that nitrogen is efficiently recycled within the symbiotic Prochloron-ascidian relationship.

scholarly journals Modelling carbon overconsumption and the formation of extracellular particulate organic carbon

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schartau ◽  
A. Engel ◽  
J. Schröter ◽  
S. Thoms ◽  
C. Völker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Phytoplankton Growth ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Model Parameters

Abstract. During phytoplankton growth a fraction of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) assimilated by phytoplankton is exuded in the form of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which can be transformed into extracellular particulate organic carbon (POC). A major fraction of extracellular POC is associated with carbon of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP; carbon content = TEPC) that form from dissolved polysaccharides (PCHO). The exudation of PCHO is linked to an excessive uptake of DIC that is not directly quantifiable from utilisation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), called carbon overconsumption. Given these conditions, the concept of assuming a constant stoichiometric carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio for estimating new production of POC from DIN uptake becomes inappropriate. Here, a model of carbon overconsumption is analysed, combining phytoplankton growth with TEPC formation. The model describes two modes of carbon overconsumption. The first mode is associated with DOC exudation during phytoplankton biomass accumulation. The second mode is decoupled from algal growth, but leads to a continuous rise in POC while particulate organic nitrogen (PON) remains constant. While including PCHO coagulation, the model goes beyond a purely physiological explanation of building up carbon rich particulate organic matter (POM). The model is validated against observations from a mesocosm study. Maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters, such as nitrogen- and carbon loss rates of phytoplankton, are determined. The optimisation yields results with higher rates for carbon exudation than for the loss of organic nitrogen. It also suggests that the PCHO fraction of exuded DOC was 63±20% during the mesocosm experiment. Optimal estimates are obtained for coagulation kernels for PCHO transformation into TEPC. Model state estimates are consistent with observations, where 30% of the POC increase was attributed to TEPC formation. The proposed model is of low complexity and is applicable for large-scale biogeochemical simulations.

scholarly journals The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes

Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 336 (6089) ◽  
pp. 1715-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Floudas ◽  
Manfred Binder ◽  
Robert Riley ◽  
Kerrie Barry ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Lignin Decomposition ◽  
Carbon Burial ◽  
Organic Carbon Burial ◽  
Fungal Genomes

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non–lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period.

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