Chlortetracycline and sulfonamide resistance of fecal bacteria in swine receiving medicated feed

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Welch ◽  
C. W. Forsberg
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Flora ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Sulfonamide Resistance

The fecal bacterial flora of swine receiving a ration supplemented with chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, and penicillin was tested for resistance to chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine using anaerobic techniques and medium M-10. Approximately 15.5 and 1.4% of the flora grew in the presence of 25 and 100 μg of tetracycline/mL, respectively. Higher numbers of bacteria grew in the presence of similar concentrations of sulfamethazine.Thirty-five chlortetracycline-resistant isolates were tentatively identified by genera. Nine different genera were identified, four of these were Gram-positive and five were Gram-negative. The most common genera isolated were Streptococcus and Eubacterium.This demonstrates that in the fecal flora of swine fed rations supplemented with chlortetracycline, a wide variety of bacterial genera can be resistant to this antibiotic.

scholarly journals THE GASTROINTESTINAL EPITHELIUM AND ITS AUTOCHTHONOUS BACTERIAL FLORA

1968 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwayne C. Savage ◽  
René Dubos ◽  
Russell W. Schaedler
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mucous Layer ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by bacteria of the normal flora was followed by bacteriological and special histological techniques in mice from several colonies. These histological techniques were designed to preserve the intimate associations that become established between particular strains of microorganisms and the epithelium of the mucosa of certain areas of the gut. The findings were as follows: 1. The various strains of bacteria of the normal flora became established in the different areas of the guts of infant mice according to a definite time sequence. 2. The first types of bacteria that could be cultured from the gut were lactobacilli and Group N streptococci. Within the first day after birth, these bacteria colonized the entire digestive tract and formed layers on the stratified squamous epithelium of the nonsecreting portion of the stomach and of the distal esophagus. 3. The bacterial types that appeared next were coliforms and enterococci. From about the 9th to the 18th day after birth, these bacteria could be cultured in extremely high numbers from the cecum and the colon. Histological sections of those organs taken during the first 2 or 3 days of that interval revealed microcolonies of Gram-positive cocci in pairs and tiny Gram-negative rods embedded in the mucous layer of the epithelium. The microcolonies were well separated from the mixture of digesta and bacteria that occupied the center of the lumen; they may have consisted of the coliforms and enterococci mentioned above; but this possibility remains to be proved. 4. Histological sections also revealed that, at about the 12th day after birth, long, thin Gram-variable rods with tapering ends were present, side by side, with the small Gram-negative rods and Gram-positive cocci in the mucous layer. By the 15th day after birth, the fusiform bacteria formed thick layers in the mucus, and seemed to be the only bacteria remaining in that location. It has not yet been possible to enumerate these tapered rods by culture methods, but as judged by visual appearances in the histological sections, they seemed to outnumber all other bacteria in the cecum and the colon by a factor of as much as 1000. It must be stressed that these bacterial layers are readily disrupted and even washed away by conventional histological techniques; their discovery was largely due to the use of the special histological techniques described in the text. The bacteriological and histological findings described here constitute further evidence for the hypothesis that symbiotic associations exist between microorganisms and animals, and that a very large percentage of the bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract constitutes a true autochthonous flora. The constant occurrence of several distinct associations of bacteria with the special histological structures of the animal host renders obsolete the notion that the intestine constitutes a chemostat in which the bacterial populations are randomly mixed. For a full understanding of the ecology of the normal microflora, it is necessary to think of body surfaces as distinct microenvironments in which virtually pure cultures of a few species of microorganisms interact with their host and the adjacent microbial populations. Experiments based on this hypothesis are admittedly difficult to design, but on the other hand studies based on the assumption that microorganisms exist as mixtures in the gastrointestinal tract will be only of limited value and may often be misleading.

Bacterial Flora in the External Ear Canal and in Induced Cholesteatoma in the Mongolian Gerbil

1993 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 559-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan C. Fortuny ◽  
Victor M. Palomar ◽  
Antonio Nogués
Keyword(s):  
Mongolian Gerbil ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Mongolian Gerbils ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
External Ear Canal ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

We report on the bacterial flora of the external ear canal and of induced aural cholesteatoma in 14 Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus). In the control, nonmanipulated external ear canal, gram-positive and gram-negative organisms were isolated. In the contents of the cholesteatoma sac, only monomicrobial, gram-negative isolates were found; in each animal they were different from the isolates from the nonmanipulated external ear canal. Obligate anaerobes were absent in all cases. Ligation of the external ear canal in the left ear provoked cholesteatoma in all cases.

Microbiological and Chemical Changes of Spotted Shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) Stored Under Modified Atmospheres

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 453-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIGUEL E. LAYRISSE ◽  
JACK R. MATCHES
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Modified Atmospheres ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Pandalus Platyceros

Shrimp (Pandalus platyceros) were packed head-on and head-off in pouches with air or 50 or 100% CO2 and stored at 0 to 2°C for up to 23 d. Carbon dioxide in modified atmosphere pouches dissolved in the liquid phase and the pH decreased. As storage progressed, the pH increased. Only 100% CO2 was effective in extending the lag in bacterial growth, but the greatest weight or drip was also obtained with this atmosphere. The bacterial flora changed from mixed gram-negative and gram-positive organisms to a predominantly gram-positive flora. Ammonia was produced throughout storage in all atmospheres, but was delayed longer in head-off than in head-on shrimp. Indole was produced readily in air packs but only at low levels in CO2 packs.

The effect of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) on aerobic bacterial populations associated with the intestinal epithelial mucosa of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1169-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Ringø
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Attachment Sites

Populations of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), were estimated using the dilution plate technique. The gastrointestinal bacterial flora of fish fed an unsupplemented diet was dominated by Gram-negative bacteria of the genera Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Cytophaga, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio, and Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Kurthia, Lactobacillus, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. The composition of the indigenous aerobic bacterial flora in the digestive tract, and especially the microorganisms isolated from the midgut and hindgut regions, was affected by inclusion of 1% chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in the diet. Many of the Gram-negative bacterial genera and some of the Gram-positive bacterial genera were not detectable in the Cr2O3-fed fish. The midgut and hindgut regions in the Cr2O3-fed fish were dominated by Gram-positive microorganisms of the genera Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. It is suggested that the increased accumulation of Cr2O3 in the alimentary tract, as dietary compounds are removed, affects the attachment sites for the gastrointestinal microflora or affects the gut epithelium directly.Key words: chromic oxide, aerobic bacterial flora, Arctic charr.

Prophylaxis of Predisposed Otitis Externa

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmie L. Hutchison ◽  
D. N. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Externa ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Ear Canals ◽  
Therapeutic Compounds

Evaluation, in the guinea pig ear, of fourteen water repellent or therapeutic compounds has resulted in the recommended use of 360 Medical Fluid® as a prophylactic agent for those persons with a high risk of otitis externa. This compound was found to adhere well, be easy to apply and was nonirritating. Use of this material prevented adverse bacterial growth in ear canals exposed to water for up to seven days. The significance of maintaining the normal Gram positive bacterial flora in the external ear canal and the role of cerumen in maintaining a healthy meatal surface is discussed. A system for monitoring the health of the ear canal through measurement of the Gram positive/Gram negative bacterial ratio is suggested.

scholarly journals Human skin bacterial flora differ with altitudes in different ethnic groups of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Dipendra Shrestha ◽  
Raju Shrestha ◽  
Rene S. Hendriksen ◽  
Luna Bhatta Sharma ◽  
Dwij Raj Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
P Value ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Cultured Skin ◽  
Geographical Variations

Background: Largest organ of human body, the skin, is colonized by millions of microorganisms, most of which are not only harmless but also beneficial to the host. Human skin microbes depend upon geographical variations, ethnicity and various host factors. Despite several studies on human skin microbiota in various parts of the globe, it has not been studied in Nepalese population. Aims and Objective: To identify skin bacterial normal flora in different ethnic groups residing in different altitude of Nepal. Materials and Methods: We cultured skin swabs of 166 randomly selected volunteers belonging to 10 major ethnic groups from 3 distinct geographical altitudes of Nepal, viz. Bharatpur (415 m from sea level), Kathmandu (1,400 m from sea level) and Lukla (2,860 m from sea level). The isolated organisms were characterized and tested for their susceptibility against different antibiotics. Results: Altogether 231 bacterial isolates were characterized from 166 skin samples. Among them, 140 isolates (60.60 %) were Gram positive and 91 isolates (39.40 %) were Gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus (35.49%) was the most dominant skin bacterial flora followed by Escherichia coli (22.51%) and Streptococcus spp. (17.75%). Medium altitude Kathmandu exhibited the highest growth (120 isolates) followed by low land Bharatpur (66 isolates) and high land Lukla (51 isolates) which is statistically significant (p value =0.0124). Theantibiotic susceptibility testing against 14 antibiotics exhibited the Gram positive isolates were the most sensitive to Imipenem (94.93 %) whereas the least sensitive to Cephalexin (31.36 %) and the Gram negative isolates were the most sensitive to Amikacin (100%) whereas the least sensitive to Amoxycillin (28.57 %). Conclusion: Our data indicates that the skin bacterial normal flora; which is directly exposed to external environment; has significant relationship with altitudes where individuals live. The result desires further study for the adaptability of normal flora found in different altitudes. Some bacterial commensals were found resistant even against new generations of antibiotics as well, and hence can cause life-threatening infections if they happen to cross the skin physical barrier.

scholarly journals Pattern of Cytokine Responses to Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Commensal Bacteria Is Profoundly Changed when Monocytes Differentiate into Dendritic Cells

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 2671-2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Karlsson ◽  
Pia Larsson ◽  
Agnes E. Wold ◽  
Anna Rudin
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT The normal gastrointestinal bacterial flora is crucial for the maturation of acquired immunity via effects on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here we investigated how two types of APCs, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), react to different bacterial strains typical of the commensal intestinal microflora. Purified human monocytes and monocyte-derived DCs were stimulated with UV-inactivated gram-positive (Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Veillonella parvula) bacterial strains. Monocytes produced higher levels of interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in response to L. plantarum than in response to E. coli and V. parvula. In contrast, DCs secreted large amounts of IL-12p70, TNF, IL-6, and IL-10 in response to E. coli and V. parvula but were practically unresponsive to L. plantarum and B. adolescentis. The lack of a response to the gram-positive strains correlated with lower surface expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on DCs than on monocytes. The surface expression of TLR4 on DCs was undetectable when it was analyzed by flow cytometry, but blocking this receptor decreased the TNF production in response to V. parvula, indicating that TLR4 is expressed at a low density on DCs. Gamma interferon increased the expression of TLR4 on DCs and also potentiated the cytokine response to the gram-negative strains. Our results indicate that when monocytes differentiate into DCs, their ability to respond to different commensal bacteria dramatically changes, and they become unresponsive to probiotic gram-positive bacteria. These results may have important implications for the abilities of different groups of commensal bacteria to regulate mucosal and systemic immunity.

Preliminary Study of the Bacterial Flora and Indications for Antibiotic Therapy in Cancer Patients

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Emilio Bajetta ◽  
Silvio Monfardini ◽  
Marco Gasparini ◽  
Renzo Dettori
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Preliminary Study

A retrospective evaluation of infections that occurred at the National Cancer Institute of Milan during 1971 showed that the majority of them were still produced by gram-positive bacilli, even in myelosuppressed patients with leukemia and lymphoma. Only in patients with urinary tract infection and in febrile patients with bronchogenic carcinoma was the incidence of gram-negative higher than that of gram-positive infections. The persistence of the predominance of gram-positive versus gram-negative bacilli could be partly due to the fact some new antibiotics have been introduced into clinical practice later in Italy then in other countries. The incidence of fungi positive cultures was comparable to that reported in other centers. The importance of knowing the bacterial ecology in a given center or ward in order to choose the appropriate initial antibiotic therapy is discussed.

scholarly journals Physiological and potentially pathogenic microbial flora in bats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Foti ◽  
Mariateresa Teresa Spena ◽  
Vittorio Fisichella ◽  
Antonietta Mascetti ◽  
Marco Colnaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Myotis Myotis ◽  
First Time

Abstract The study of bats has a significant interest from a systematic, zoogeographic, ecological and physiological point of view, but their possible role as potential carriers of pathogenic bacteria is little explored and very little research has been carried out on the European continent. The aim of this study is to investigate the culturable aerobic enteric, conjunctival and oral bacterial flora of bats living in southern Italy to determine the physiological bacterial microflora and to investigate the possible occurrence of pathogenic bacteria. Five hundred and sixty-seven samples were collected from 189 individuals of 4 species of bats (Myotis myotis, Myotis capaccinii, Miniopterus schreibersii and Rhinolophus hipposideros). The sampling was carried out in six areas of the territory of Sicily and Calabria (southern Italy). All samples were examined for Gram negative bacteria; conjunctival and oral swabs were also submitted to bacteriological examination for Gram positive bacteria. Four hundred thirteen Gram negative strains were isolated. Of these, 377 belonged to 17 different genera of the Enterobacteriaceae Group and 30 to 5 other Families. One hundred eighty three Gram positive strains were isolated. Of these, 73 belonged to Staphylococcaceae Family, 72 to Bacillaceae Family and 36 to 4 other Families. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that some of these genera have been isolated from bats. The results confirmed that bats play an important role in the ecology and circulation of potentially pathogenic bacteria not only for wild species but also for domestic animals and for humans.

scholarly journals Oral Microbial Flora in Bulgarian Adolescents with Moderate Plaque-induced Gingivitis

Folia Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-528
Author(s):  
Stela K. Peycheva ◽  
Elisaveta G. Apostolova ◽  
Zhivko L. Peychev ◽  
Petya A. Gardjeva ◽  
Mihaela S. Shishmanova-Doseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Supragingival Plaque ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci ◽  
Selection Of

Introduction: In children and adolescents, the most common periodontal disease is the plaque-induced gingivitis.Aim: The aim of this study was to reveal the bacterial species associated with supragingival plaque of Bulgarian adolescents diagnosed with plaque-induced gingivitis.Materials and methods: Supragingival plaque samples from 70 healthy subjects with moderate plaque-induced gingivitis (37 females and 33 males), aged 12-18 years, were obtained and examined microbiologically.Results: A total of 224 microorganisms were isolated. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant compared to Gram-positive [132 (59%) vs. 92 (41%), p<0.001]. Aerobic microorganisms were detected more often than anaerobic (151; 67.5% vs. 73; 32.5%, p<0.001). The Streptococcus mutans group and Neisseria spp. were isolated from all adolescents. The frequency of isolation of C. albicans was relatively lower &ndash; 11 (15.7%). The anaerobes showed much greater microbial diversity (12 pathogen groups were isolated). Gram-negative rods were isolated from 57 of the adolescents (isolation frequency 81.4%). F. varium, P. melaninogenica, P. intermedia and P. assacharolyticus were detected respectively in 12 (16%), 9 (12%), 8 (11%) and 7 (10%) samples. The less frequently isolated anaerobes were Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative cocci, Bacteroides uniformis and Bifidobacterium spp. together.Conclusion: The most frequently isolated microbiota in our study is part of the normal oral bacterial flora. The presence of anaerobes such as Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides and Porphyromonas reflects the gradual change of the flora to more complex one. The results of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the plaque of adolescents with moderate plaque-induced gingivitis may contribute to the selection of the prevention and treatment of this disease.

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