Mycoparasitism of sclerotia of Sclerotinia and Sclerotium species by Sporidesmium sclerotivorum

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Ayers ◽  
P. B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Asexual Spore ◽  
Cornmeal Agar

Sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soil were invaded by a destructive fungus that was isolated and identified as Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. The parasitic fungus grew slowly on an autoclaved agar medium made from comminuted sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum and on cornmeal agar but failed to germinate or grow on many common mycological media. Macroconidia of S. sclerotivorum germinated adjacent to sclerotia on water agar or moist filter paper, colonized the sclerotia, and developed two distinctive asexual spore states by which it could be recognized. In moist sand, steamed soil, and natural soil the mycoparasite infected and destroyed more than 95% of the amended (1% w/w) sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in 10 weeks or less at 25 °C. Sclerotia killed by autoclaving were poorly colonized. Sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum were attacked by the mycoparasite more slowly than those of S. sclerotiorum. Sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina apparently were not parasitized. The mycoparasite was isolated from soils from three different areas of the northeastern United States. The prolific development of the mycoparasite in soil containing sclerotia of susceptible species and its ability to spread through soil by growth from one sclerotium to another suggest that S. sclerotivorum is an important contributor to the natural destruction of sclerotia in.soil and that it may have high potential as an applied agent of biological control of sclerotial fungi.

Mycoparasitism of sclerotial fungi by Teratosperma oligocladum

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 886-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Ayers ◽  
P. B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Soil Extract ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Parasitic Activity ◽  
Common Laboratory

Sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor were parasitized by Teratosperma oligocladum, a recently described dematiaceous hyphomycete. The mycoparasite was cultured on living sclerotia placed on water agar and on sclerotia in moist sand. It grew poorly on several common laboratory media but growth in vitro was enhanced by supplements of soil extract and, especially, by aqueous extracts of sclerotia. Sclerotia of S. minor, S. sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, Sclerotium cepivorum, and Botrytis cinerea were parasitized in vitro, but sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina were not. Macroconidia of T. oligocladum germinated on membrane filters placed on soil containing sclerotia of S. minor but not on soil without sclerotia. Sclerotia of three Sclerotinia spp. were infected within 2 weeks in soil infested with the mycoparasite. Teratosperma oligocladum parasitized and destroyed all of the sclerotia of S. minor buried in a natural soil by 10 weeks. Parasitism was equally good at 20 and 25 °C, but occurred more slowly at 15 °C. No parasitic activity occurred at 30 °C. The morphology, cultural characteristics, and mycoparasitic habit of T. oligocladum indicated that it was similar in many respects to the mycoparasite, Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, and that it is a potentially useful agent for the biological control of sclerotial plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Growth and sporulation of Metarhizium flavoviride var. Flavoviride on culture media and lighting regimes

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sideney Becker Onofre ◽  
Cindia Mara Miniuk ◽  
Neiva Monteiro de Barros ◽  
João Lúcio Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Metarhizium Flavoviride ◽  
Conidia Production

Entomopathogenic fungi from the genus Metarhizium are largely used for the biological control of agricultural pests by conidia spreading on the field. Although conidia production is well studied in M. anisopliae, only few research studies were done in M. flavoviride. The present work was carried out alming to evaluate the Mycelial growth and sporulation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride var. flavoviride growing at 27 ± 2°C on Potato-dextrose-agar (PDA), Czapek-agar (CZP) and a complete agar medium (CM) under three lighting regimes, (continuous illumination, light/dark cycle and an black light/dark cycle) were investigated. A completely randomized 3 × 3 (culture media × lighting regime) factorial design with four replicates was used. The best mycelial growth and sporulation occurred on the PDA and CM media under continuous illumination (P <= 0,05).

GROWTH INHIBITION OF TWO SAPROPHYTIC AND TWO PLANT PARASITIC SOIL FUNGI BY ANTIBIOTICS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-495
Author(s):  
E. W. B. Ward ◽  
A. W. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Comparisons were made of growth inhibition of two saprophytic (Trichoderma viride, Trichocladium asperum) and two plant parasitic soil fungi (Ophiobolus graminis, Fomes annosus) by antibiotics. The fungi were grown on an agar medium containing various concentrations of one of the antibiotics: acti-dione, gliotoxin, griseofulvin, patulin, or trichothecin. In general the two parasites tended to be more sensitive than the saprophytes, but there were several individual exceptions. Moreover, the comparative responses of the fungi at different antibiotic concentrations were frequently not proportionately related. The results are discussed in relation to the possible effects of antibiotics on fungi in natural soil.

scholarly journals Methods suitable for estimation of infection of bean seeds by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and fungi of the genus Fusarium

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-91
Author(s):  
Barbara Łacicowa ◽  
Zofia Machowicz ◽  
Danuta Sułek
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Moist Sand

Bean seeds were analyzed for infection by <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i> and fungi of the genus <i>Fusarium</i> using the method of isolation on maltose medium and by means of planting the seeds in moist sand. 38 samplesof seed from various varieties of beans were examined. Both methods proved to be suitable for the detection of fungi, but the percentage of seeds infected by <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i> and fungi of the <i>Fusarium</i> genus can be estimated more precisely by determining the number of infected seedlings obtained from material planted in the sand. On the agar medium used the growth of <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthanum</i> and fungi from the <i>Fusarium</i> genus was impossible due to other fungi present in the plant material. Treatment of the bean seeds with a low temperature (-16ºC for 12 hours) in necessary before using the method of isolation on maltose medium.

scholarly journals The Density and Viability of Metarhizium anisopliae Conidia on Several Growth Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242
Author(s):  
Dyah Rini Indriyanti ◽  
Siti Harnina Bintari ◽  
Ning Setiati ◽  
Jamil Maulana Zahriyan Alfiyan
Keyword(s):  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium

Metarhizium anisopliae is a parasitic fungus on insects, and thus called entomopathogenic fungus. This fungus is used as a biological control agent for insect pests. Fungal propagation can be done using a variety of media. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth of M. anisopliae on four types of media, with conidial density and viability as the growth parameters. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Universitas Negeri Semarang. This study was an experimental research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor and four treatments: Control (PDA/Potato Dextrose Agar medium), Treatment I (ELSA/Extract Larvae Sucrose Agar medium), Treatment II (CWSA/Coconut Water Sucrose Agar medium), Treatment III (CWELSA/Coconut Water and Extract Larvae Sucrose Agar medium). The and results showed that there was an effect of growth media on the density and viability of M. anisopliae conidia. CWELSA media had the highest conidial density (2.91 x 108 cfu/mL) and viability (97.17%). CWSA media had  2.82 x 108 cfu/mL and 95.33%. PDA media had 2.25 x 108 cfu/mL and 92.83%. ELSA media had 1.64 x 108 cfu/mL and 90.83%. The high conidial density and viability of M. anisopliae is CWELSA  medium. This study is as an alternative growth medium to improve the quality of M. anisopliae propagation.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Onion White Rot Disease Caused by Sclerotium cepivorum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2017) ◽  
pp. 101-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelnaser Elzaawely ◽  
Warda Hussain ◽  
Nabil El Sheery ◽  
Hassan El-Zahaby ◽  
Abdelwahab Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Sclerotium Cepivorum ◽  
Rot Disease

scholarly journals Survival of GacS/GacA Mutants of the Biological Control Bacterium Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 in the Wheat Rhizosphere

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 3308-3314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott T. Chancey ◽  
Derek W. Wood ◽  
Elizabeth A. Pierson ◽  
Leland S. Pierson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Pseudomonas Aureofaciens

ABSTRACT GacS/GacA comprises a two-component regulatory system that controls the expression of secondary metabolites required for the control of plant diseases in many pseudomonads. High mutation frequencies of gacS and gacA have been observed in liquid culture. We examined whether gacS/gacA mutants could competitively displace the wild-type populations on roots and thus pose a threat to the efficacy of biological control. The survival of a gac mutant alone and in competition with the wild type on roots was examined in the biological control strain Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84. In this bacterium, GacS/GacA controls the expression of phenazine antibiotics that are inhibitory to plant pathogenic fungi and enhance the competitive survival of the bacterium. Wheat seedlings were inoculated with strain 30-84, and bacteria were recovered from roots after 21 days in sterile or nonsterile soil to check for the presence of gacS or gacA mutants. Although no mutants were detected in the inoculum, gacS/gacA mutants were recovered from 29 out of 31 roots and comprised up to 36% of the total bacterial populations. Southern hybridization analysis of the recovered gacA mutants did not indicate a conserved mutational mechanism. Replacement series analysis on roots utilizing strain 30-84 and a gacA mutant (30-84.gacA) or a gacS mutant (30-84.A2) demonstrated that although the mutant population partially displaced the wild type in sterile soil, it did not do so in natural soil. In fact, in natural soil final rhizosphere populations of wild-type strain 30-84 starting from mixtures were at least 1.5 times larger than would be predicted from their inoculation ratio and generally were greater than or equal to the population of wild type alone despite lower inoculation rates. These results indicate that although gacS/gacA mutants survive in natural rhizosphere populations, they do not displace wild-type populations. Better survival of wild-type populations in mixtures with mutants suggests that mutants arising de novo or introduced within the inoculum may be beneficial for the survival of wild-type populations in the rhizosphere.

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