Comparison of talc-Celite and polyelectrolyte 60 in virus recovery from sewage: development of technique and experiments with poliovirus (type 1, Sabin)-contaminated multilitre samples

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1620-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed A. Sattar ◽  
J. C. N. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Calf Serum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Sewage Sample ◽  
Type I ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Ph Adjustment ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Virus Recovery

For virus recovery from sewage, a mixture of talc and Celite was tested as a possible inexpensive substitute for polyelectrolyte 60(PE 60).After adjustment of pH to 6 and the addition of 45–60 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml of poliovirus type I(Sabin) to the sewage sample under test, 100 ml of it was passed through either a PE 60 (400 mg) or a talc (300 mg)–Celite (100 mg) layer; the layer-adsorbed virus was eluted with 10 ml of 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) in saline (pH 7.2).In these experiments, PE 60 layers recovered 73–80% (mean 76%) of the input virus. In comparison, virus recoveries with the talc–Celite layers were 65–70% (mean 68%).Passage of 5 litres of raw sewage (containing 50 to 1.26 × 105 PFU/100 ml of the poliovirus) through the talc (15 g)–Celite (5 g) layers and virus elution with 50 ml of 10% FCS in saline gave virus recoveries of 33–63% (mean 49%).Except for pH adjustment and prefiltration through two layers of gauze to remove large solids, no other sample pretreatment was found to be necessary. Application of this technique to recovery of indigenous viruses from field samples of raw sewage and effluents has been highly satisfactory.

Modified Procedure for Extraction of Poliovirus from Naturally-Infected Oysters Using Cat-Floc and Beef Extract

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD F. LANDRY ◽  
JAMES M. VAUGHN ◽  
THOMAS J. VICALE
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Extraction Procedures ◽  
Precipitation Technique ◽  
Beef Extract ◽  
Virus Recovery

Methods for recovery of poliovirus type 1 (LSc2ab) from naturally-infected oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were examined. Extraction procedures analyzed included glycine-saline and polyelectrolyte (Cat-Floc) methods followed by concentration using modifications of an acid precipitation technique, Direct viral assay of shellfish homogenates, when compared to virus recovery following extraction, indicated that substantially fewer viruses were detected in initial homogenates. These data appeared to support the contention that input values based on homogenate assay were inappropriate in determining recovery efficiencies with naturally-infected shellfish. Since absolute efficiencies could not be determined, relative efficiencies using samples from pooled homogenates were used to determine the recovery efficiencies of various extraction procedures. Cat-Floc extraction followed by a beef extract-modified acid precipitation technique resulted in higher virus recoveries than a glycine-saline extraction procedure.

Recovery of Poliovirus Type 1 from Experimentally Contaminated Shellfish: Evaluation of Different Methods

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Croci ◽  
D. De Medici ◽  
M. Divizia ◽  
R. Gabrieli ◽  
L. Toti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Artificial Seawater ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Tangential Flow ◽  
Virus Recovery ◽  
Concentration Methods ◽  
Elution Step

Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis caused by ingestion of contaminated shellfish are well documented. Several methods have been described for virus recovery from shellfish, but often they are complicated and time-consuming. In this study we have compared several viral extraction-concentration methods from mussels experimentally contaminated in conditions close to those met in natural environment. Mvtilus galloprovincialis were contaminated by 2 h immersion in artificial seawater seeded with Poliovirus type 1. After the contamination step, the mussel bodies with intervalve water were homogenized by Ultraturax blender using four different elution buffers: PBS pH9.5; 0.05M glycine pH9.5; 0.3% and 3% beef extract pH9.5. The ratio between eluants and homogenates, depending on the used method, was 1:2 or 1:10. After the elution step, virus was concentrated comparing the following techniques: precipitation at acid pH, precipitation with PEG6000, ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration with Amicon apparatus and tangential flow Minitan system. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA program and the results were evaluated.

Inhibition of antigen and mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation by fetal calf serum

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1482-1485
Author(s):  
I. I. El Araby ◽  
M. A. Chernesky ◽  
P. B. Dent
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Calf Serum ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Lymphocyte Transformation ◽  
Autologous Serum ◽  
Serum Supplement ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative ◽  
Simplex Virus

Use of fetal calf serum as a serum supplement in whole blood microcultures of human lymphocytes resulted in a significant suppression of in vitro stimulation with herpes simplex virus (type 1) antigen, purified protein derivative, and phytohemagglutinin. If the response to viral antigen is weak in autologous serum it may be completely missed if cultures are carried out in fetal calf serum.

Development of a Method for Recovery of Rotavirus from the Surface of Vegetables

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIN S. BADAWY ◽  
CHARLES P. GERBA ◽  
LEE M. KELLEY
Keyword(s):  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Beef Extract ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Virus Recovery

Rotaviruses cause waterborne disease outbreaks of gastroenteritis from sewage contaminated water, but methods have not been available to assess the potential for transmission of rotavirus by uncooked foods. A method was developed for recovery of rotavirus from the surface of vegetables. The simian rotavirus SA-11, used as a model for the human rotavirus, was adsorbed onto lettuce and the effects of various eluents tested for its recovery. The maximum recovery of rotavirus occurred with a solution of 3% beef extract at pH 8.0 after 5 min of exposure. Longer exposure times did not enhance virus recovery. Recovery of rotavirus and poliovirus type 1 (LSC) averaged 80 and 65%, respectively. Recovery of rotavirus from non-leafy vegetables was lower, averaging 44% for celery, carrot and radish. This method should prove useful for assessing the occurrence and survival of rotavirus on uncooked foods.

Processing Pork Samples for Virus Detection: A Preliminary Study Of Methods

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
MING YI DENG
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Virus Recovery ◽  
Pork Samples ◽  
Model Virus

Extraction and concentration procedures for recovering a model virus from pork samples were investigated. A 20-g sample, experimentally contaminated with attenuated poliovirus type 1, was suspended in 100 ml of glycine-NaOH buffer at pH 8.8 and homogenized in an ice bath. The pork solids in the homogenate were flocculated by centrifugation and filtration. Each of the sample extracts was concentrated by either hydroextraction (HE), ultrafiltration (UF), or the polymer two-phase separation (PTPS), and assayed for viruses by the plaque technique in monolayers of HeLa cells. The experiments indicated that the extraction procedure was effective, and that the mean virus recovery from the samples when concentrated by the HE, the UF, and the PTPS was 53.0, 68.0, and 65.1%, respectively. No plaque-forming units were detected in concentrates prepared from uninoculated pork samples. The extraction and concentration procedures developed in the present study are expected to be applicable to the processing of samples for detecting viruses in pork and merit further work.

Turbomolecular Pumped Electron Microscopy of Rubella Virus (In BHK Celis)

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
A. B. Taylor ◽  
G. C. Cole ◽  
M. A. Holcomb ◽  
C. A. Baechler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Fetal Calf Serum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Baby Hamster Kidney ◽  
Input Multiplicity ◽  
Baby Hamster Kidney Cells

An aliquot from a continuous fermenter culture of baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21 Clone PD-4) (Wistar) maintained in Ca free Eagle's Basal Medium containing 2% Kaolin adsorbed fetal calf serum was planted in spinner flasks at 300,000 cells per ml, total volume 600 ml. After equilibration for one day at 35°C to insure that cells were in log phase, the culture was infected with the M-33-AGMK25 BHK-219 strain of rubella at an input multiplicity of about 6 TCID50 per cell. The virus was identified with specific rubella antiserum.Preliminary experiments had shown that such cultures would reach a peak or plateau HA titer of approximately 1:64, 24 hrs after inoculation and would continue to yield virus for 6 to 12 days. One hundred ml aliquot harvests were withdrawn daily and the culture was returned to volume with growth medium and incubation continued. The harvested cells were spun down rapidly at 2500 rpm per 15 mins., fixed in 3.7% gluteraldehyde in Ca free phosphate buffer saline, and post fixed in osmium tetraoxide. After dehydration, the cells were embedded in Epon 812 and cured approximately 20 hrs at 60°C.

Fish kidney cell line in response to heat shock

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 704-705
Author(s):  
Li-Chu Tung ◽  
Yung-Reui Chen ◽  
Shiu-Nan Chen ◽  
Guang-Hsiung Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Fetal Calf Serum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Heat Shock Treatment ◽  
Acanthopagrus Schlegeli ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Fish Kidney

In the present study, the ultrastructural changes of BPK cells, a fibroblast-like cell line, derived from the kidney of juvenile black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli, under heat shock treatment are described.The BPK cells were maintained in L-15 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 0.15 M NaCl at 28|C2. The heating was carried out in precalibrated water baths. Monolayers of cells, grown on coverslips in parafilm-sealed petri dishes were submerged under water for 30 min at 40|C treatments. Cells were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer supplemented with 6.6% sucrose, postfixed in 1% OsO4 and flat embedded in Spurr’s resin. Silver section were cut parallel to the substratum, stained with uranyl acetate and Reynold’s lead citrate, and examined in a Hitachi H-600 electron microscope at 75 KV.

Comparative Study of effectiveness of mobilization with movement (MWM) and End range mobilization (ERM) techniques in frozen shoulder

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-522
Author(s):  
Jeyakumar S ◽  
Jagatheesan Alagesan ◽  
T.S. Muthukumar
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Frozen Shoulder ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Background: Frozen shoulder is disorder of the connective tissue that limits the normal Range of motion of the shoulder in diabetes, frozen shoulder is thought to be caused by changes to the collagen in the shoulder joint as a result of long term Hypoglycemia. Mobilization is a therapeutic movement of the joint. The goal is to restore normal joint motion and rhythm. The use of mobilization with movement for peripheral joints was developed by mulligan. This technique combines a sustained application of manual technique “gliding” force to the joint with concurrent physiologic motion of joint, either actively or passively. This study aims to find out the effects of mobilization with movement and end range mobilization in frozen shoulder in Type I diabetics. Materials and Methods: 30 subjects both male and female, suffering with shoulder pain and clinically diagnosed with frozen shoulder was recruited for the study and divided into two groups with 15 patients each based on convenient sampling method. Group A patients received mobilization with movement and Group B patients received end range mobilization for three weeks. The outcome measurements were SPADI, Functional hand to back scale, abduction range of motion using goniometer and VAS. Results: The mean values of all parameters showed significant differences in group A as compared to group B in terms of decreased pain, increased abduction range and other outcome measures. Conclusion: Based on the results it has been concluded that treating the type 1 diabetic patient with frozen shoulder, mobilization with movement exercise shows better results than end range mobilization in reducing pain and increase functional activities and mobility in frozen shoulder.

Antidiabetic effect of Psychotria malayana Jack in induced type 1 diabetic rat

MEDISAINS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Fairuz Fairuz ◽  
Hasna Dewi ◽  
Humaryanto Humaryanto
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Langerhans Cell ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Type I ◽  
Antidiabetic Effect ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Background: Therapies for hyperglycemic treatment, including insulin and oral diabetes medications, have been confirmed to cause several side effects. Thus, finding new drugs with fewer side effects is of high importance. Salung leaf herb (Psychotria malayana Jack) reported used in traditional societies as a treatment for diabetes. However, the scientific proof of this plant for diabetes treatment is still lacking.Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of the P. malayana jack in induced type 1 diabetic rats by assessing blood glucose level and pancreatic cells in white rats.Methods: Alloxan used to induce type I diabetes. Rats randomly divided into six groups. A Group P1 received 250 mg/kg BW; group P2 received 500 mg/kg BW, group P3 received 1000 mg/kg BW. While group 4 basal received no treatment, group 5 received distilled water as a negative control, and group 6 received glibenclamide as a positive control. Medications are given for six days. Glucose levels were measured, and observation of pancreatic Langerhans cell damages.Results:  A decrease in blood glucose levels observed in all treatment groups. The most significant reduction (49.76%; 1000 mg/kg BW) occurred in the P3 group. Morphological features of pancreatic Langerhans cell damage were slightly high in the P1 group.Conclusion: P. malayana Jack can consider having an antidiabetic effect in a type 1 diabetic rat by reducing blood glucose levels.

Correlation of virus polypeptide structure with attenuation of poliovirus type 1.

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Milstien ◽  
J R Walker ◽  
L J Eron
Keyword(s):  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Polypeptide Structure
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