The development and structure of thick-walled, multicellular, aerial spores in Diheterospora chlamydosporia (=Verticillium chlamydosporium)

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 963-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Campbell ◽  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Multicellular Structure ◽  
Verticillium Chlamydosporium ◽  
The Relationship

The aerial, thick-walled spores of Diheterospora chlamydosporia arose as terminal swellings on erect hyphae. Repeated septation of the continuously swelling spore resulted in a multicellular structure. Immediately after the onset of septation secondary wall material was laid down between the two-layered primary wall and the plasmalemma. The presence of secondary wall material indicates that the multicellular spore is a dictyochlamydospore and not an aleuriospore. The relationship between chlamydospores and aleuriospores in other fungi is discussed.

Cell wall structures of Epicoccum nigrum (Hyphomycetes)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Brushaber ◽  
R. H. Haskins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Wall Structures

Two structurally distinct types of secondary wall layers are present in older hyphae in addition to the primary wall. A coarsely fibrous outer wall layer often becomes quite massive and frequently fuses with the outer wall layers of adjacent cells in the formation of hyphal strands. The uneven deposition of this outer layer often produces large verrucosities. The inner secondary wall layer is relatively electron transparent and contains a reticulum of electron-dense lines. The interface of the inner secondary wall with the cytoplasm is often very irregular, and sections of the plasma membrane are frequently overlain by wall material. The outer secondary wall of conidia is composed of an electron-dense material different from that of the outer wall of hyphae. Cells in the multicellular conidia tend to be polyhedral in shape with either very thick primary walls or thin primary walls having a thick inner wall deposit.

Ultrastructural observations on Helvellaceae (Pezizales, Ascomycetes). IV. Ascospore ontogeny in selected species of Gyromitra subgenus Discina

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Kimbrough ◽  
Chi-Guang Wu ◽  
Jack L. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Spore Wall ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Spore Ornamentation ◽  
Wall Formation ◽  
Secondary Wall Formation ◽  
Definition Of

The ultrastructure of ascospore ontogeny and spore wall microchemistry are described in three sessile, discoid species of Gyromitra previously placed in Discina. Silver proteinate and barium permanganate were used as poststains to enhance the definition of various wall layers and spore organelles. Early stages of ascosporogenesis and primary wall formation are similar to those described in other species of Pezizales. Secondary wall formation, which results in characteristic spore ornamentation, is similar in Gyromitra brunnea, Gyromitra leucoxantha, and Gyromitra perlata. Mature spores of these species differ in the size and shape of translucent lacunae within the secondary wall, and in the morphology of apiculi. The lacunae originate through blebbing of primary wall material through the epispore into the secondary wall, resulting in the isolation of electron-translucent primary wall clumps within the electron-dense secondary wall. These and other ultrastructural observations of apothecial tissues support the maintenance of the Helvellaceae (sensu lato) to include taxa of the tribes Helvelleae, Discineae, and Rhizineae. Phylogenetic linkages of these taxa to other families of Pezizales are suggested. Key words: ascosporogenesis, ascospore wall structure and microchemistry, discomycete systematics and phylogeny.

Ultrastructure of thick-walled hyphae of Glomus fasciculatum in old roots of white clover (Trifolium repens)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loon Lui Lim ◽  
A. L. J. Cole ◽  
B. A. Fineran
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Total Thickness ◽  
Cytochemical Staining ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Secondary Wall Thickening ◽  
Dark Staining

Transmission electron microscopy reveals many thick-walled intercellular and intracellular arbuscular trunk hyphae in old roots of white clover. Wall thickness varies among hyphae, from those enclosed by only a primary wall to those in which various layers of secondary wall material occur. The total thickness of the wall usually lies between 1 and 2 μm. The secondary wall shows a lamellar organization and occasionally may almost completely obliterate the protoplast. In some walls, closely packed lamellae form dark-staining bands separated by lighter staining bands of wider spaced lamellae. Cytochemical staining indicates that the primary and secondary walls contain polysaccharide material. Several thick-walled hyphae show broken layers in the outermost regions overlying deeper layers of uninterrupted wall. The ruptured wall appears to have been caused by local expansion of the hypha during the phase of extensive secondary wall thickening. It is suggested that the thick-walled hyphae may provide propagative structures on disintegration of the host cortex. Another hypothesis is that these hyphal walls might provide a pathway for apoplastic transport. Solutions contained in mature tissues of the root might move via the walls for utilization by the endophyte in those regions of the root where the growing hyphae are more active metabolically.

scholarly journals Separation and identification of soluble nucleotides in cambial and young xylem tissue of Larix decidua Mill

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane F. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Sugar Nucleotide ◽  
Ribose Phosphate ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Method Of Extraction

The nucleotides present in the cambial tissue (primary wall tissue) and in the not yet fully differentiated secondary xylem (secondary wall tissue) of Larix decidua Mill. were extracted and characterized. The method of extraction best suited to the material was investigated and the problems involved in desalting of extracts and their effect on the final nucleotide pattern obtained are discussed. UDP-glucose was found to be the most important sugar nucleotide isolated from both cambial and young xylem tissue. UDP-galactose, UDP-arabinose, UDP-xylose, UDP-fructose, GDP-glucose, GDP-galactose, GDP-mannose, ADP-glucose, ADP-galactose, ADP-fructose, ADP-ribose and ADP-ribose phosphate (the last two compounds are the acid breakdown products of NADH and NADPH respectively) were also found in both extracts. UDP-galacturonic acid was identified only in the extract of the primary wall material. Several nucleotide oligosaccharides were obtained from both the extract of cambial tissue and that of the young xylem.

Cell grouping and primary wall generations in the cambial zone, xylem, and phloem in Pinus

1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Tangential Direction ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Photographic Evidence ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Cambial Zone

The use of the term cambium, or equivalent terms, in modern literature is discussed. The term cambial zone adopted in this paper includes the cambial initial and the dividing and enlarging cells. The tissue mother cell produced at each division of the initial produces a group of four cells in xylem or two cells in phloem. Theoretical constructs have been made for xylem and phloem production by associating the concepts that xylem and phloem are produced in alternate series of initial divisions and that a new primary wall is deposited around each daughter protoplast at each cell division. Correlations are derived from the theoretical constructs for the thickness of primary wall layers lying in the tangential direction and of those lying in the radial direction at progressive histological levels. Deductions from theoretical constructs are made when the initial is producing xylem, when it changes its polarity from xylem to phloem production, and when the reverse change occurs. Most of the theoretical deductions are supported by photographic evidence. The chief point of this study is the demonstration of generations (multiplicity) of primary parental walls. The term intercellular material proposed in this paper includes the cell plate plus any remnants of ancestral primary walls between the current primary walls surrounding the adjacent protoplasts. This term is still applicable to cells where secondary wall deposition is taking place or has been completed.

scholarly journals Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Wall Growth

Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.

Cytochemistry of the wall of infected cells in Casuarina actinorhizae

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2038-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Howard Berg ◽  
Lorraine McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Infected Cell ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Lignin Modification ◽  
Infected Cells

Development of the wall of infected cells in Casuarina actinorhizae differs from that of many actinorhizae. After the endophyte penetrates the wall of a cortical cell, that (primary) cell wall becomes lignified, based on histochemical (autofluorescence, phloroglucinol staining) and cytochemical (permanganate staining, enzyme etching) evidence. Subsequently, the remaining walls of the infected cell become lignified. Adjacent noninfected cells somehow are stimulated to deposit a lignified secondary wall only on those walls bordering the infected cell. This remarkable participation of all adjacent noninfected cells in the development of a given infected cell results in an increased thickness and strength of the wall material surrounding infected cells. When they mature, there is a further modification of some of the wall layers surrounding infected cells, manifested in a relative impermeability to en bloc staining with permanganate. Unlike lignified walls, the permanganate-impermeable region is selectively stained by osmium or ferricyanide-reduced osmium and is relatively resistant to concentrated chromic acid digestion. A region that remains permeable to (and stained by) permanganate (part of the secondary wall of bordering noninfected cells) may be developmentally related to phi thickenings. An earlier contention that the permanganate-impermeable region contains suberin is unconfirmed. This region is most likely an unusual lignin modification or results from unidentified material impregnated in its ligninlike matrix.

An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase localization in Phaseolus vulgaris xylem by the use of an azo-dye method

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-561
Author(s):  
I. Charvat ◽  
K. Esau
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Final Reaction

The localization of acid phosphatase during xylem development has been examined in the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. The azo dye, the final reaction product, is initially prominent in the dictyosomes, vesicles apparently participating in secondary wall formation, and in the middle lamella of the young vessel element. Final reaction particles are also present in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and certain vacuoles and are sparsely scattered in the cytoplasm. At a later stage of vessel differentiation, the azo dye is concentrated in the disintegrating cytoplasm and along the fibrils of the partially hydrolysed primary wall and middle lamella. In the mature vessel element, the azo dye is still present along the disintegrated primary wall at the side of the vessel and covers the secondary wall. In the parenchyma cell adjacent to the vessel element, acid phosphatase localization is found in the dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, small vacuoles, and the middle lamella. The controls from all stages of vessel element development were free of azo dye particles. The concentration of acid phosphatase along the secondary walls of the mature vessels and in the middle lamella between other cells indicates that this enzyme has other functions besides autolysis of the cytoplasm and primary cell wall. Acid phosphatase may participate in the formation of the secondary wall and may also have a role in the secretion and transport of sugars.

Papercrete and Recipanel as Wall Material: An Environmental Sustainability Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Annisa Widya Pangestika ◽  
Ova Candra Dewi ◽  
Nisrina Dewi Salsabila
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to review the relation between papercrete and recipanel (wall materials from recycled paper) with indicators of material sustainability in environmental aspects. Recycling paper into wall material is one of the ways to overcome the increasing amount of paper waste in Indonesia. Waste recycling is related to the concept of sustainability, namely the triple bottom line of the concept of sustainability. A literature review of waste management, recycled paper, and recycled paper as wall material were conducted in terms of environmental sustainability. This study was conducted by integrating the theoretical understanding of waste, walls, wall material products from recycled paper and discussion of its impact in terms of the sustainability of recycled paper as alternative wall material. From this study, it was found that the relationship between the characteristics of papercrete and walls on the sustainability of recycled paper brought forward four positive values and two negative values. Meanwhile, the relation between recipanel and wall characteristics on the sustainability of recycled paper carries four positive values and two negative values. Thus, the recycled paper used as wall material with examples of papercrete and recipanel products may still be suitable for use as wall material in Indonesia. Suggestions resulted from this study that might be implemented in the future are to increase the durability of materials derived from recycled paper and to conduct studies that discuss wall materials derived from recycled paper from social and economic aspects in terms of sustainability.

Localisation structurale et ultrastructurale d'activités peroxydasiques dans les parois du mésophylle et des fibres en cours de lignification chez l'alfa (Stipa tenacissima)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2644-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Harche
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Stipa Tenacissima ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Using diaminobenzidine as substrate, peroxidase activity was localized in the walls of parenchyma cells and differentiating fibres. In mature fibres and parenchyma a slight activity could be recognized in primary walls only. In parenchyma cells, peroxidase activity was fairly inhibited with heat, potassium cyanide, and aminotriazole, which could indicate the presence of catalase within the cell walls. However, in plasmodesmatal regions peroxidases were- resistant to the above inhibitors. Syringaldazine oxidase activity was present only in the primary wall and the outer part of the secondary wall of differentiating fibres. The parallelism between lignification and peroxidase activity in the secondary walls supports the hypothesis of the involvement of these enzymes in the lignification process.

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