Iron oxidation by cell envelopes of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1647-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Bodo ◽  
D. G. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Iron Oxidation ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Oxidation Activity ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Cell Envelopes

The parameters for iron oxidation by isolated cell envelopes of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were studied using a Clark oxygen electrode. Envelopes were obtained by breaking thoroughly washed cells in a French pressure cell and by sedimenting the envelope fraction by ultracentrifugation. The envelopes were partially purified by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. A broad band was separated at a specific gravity of about 1.21 g/cm3 which coincided with the major protein peak and iron oxidation activity. Electron micrographs confirmed that the active preparations were cell envelopes consisting of the cytoplasmic membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and the outer lipopolysaccharide–lipoprotein double track layer of gram-negative bacteria. Numerous membrane vesicles were also present. Lysozyme had little effect upon iron oxidation activity whereas treating cell envelopes with Triton X-100 destroyed activity. Iron oxidation by cell envelopes was completely inhibited by heating in boiling water or by adding 1% trichloroacetic acid to the reaction cuvette.Kinetic analysis of iron oxidation by envelopes in β-alanine-SO42− buffer (pH 3.5) showed an apparent Km of 5.4 × 10−3 M. The apparent Km with whole cells was 2.1 × 10−3 M. The pH optimum for iron oxidation by cell envelopes was between pH 3.0 and 3.5 while for whole cells the optimum was pH 2.0–2.5.Spectrophotometric studies identified the membrane-bound cytochromes as cytochromes c and a; cytochrome b was also present but its function is unknown at this time.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical localization and biochemical characterization of a novel plasma membrane-associated, neutral pH optimum α-l-fucosidase from rat testis and epididymal spermatozoa

1996 ◽  
Vol 318 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel AVILÉS ◽  
Irene ABASCAL ◽  
José Angel MARTÍNEZ-MENÁRGUEZ ◽  
María Teresa CASTELLS ◽  
Sheri R. SKALABAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
Epididymal Sperm ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Neutral Ph

1. Immunocytochemical and biochemical techniques have been used to localize and characterize a novel plasma membrane-associated, neutral-pH-optimum α-l-fucosidase from rat spermatozoa. Light and electron microscopy specifically localized the fucosidase on the plasma membrane of the convex region of the principal segment of testicular and cauda epididymal sperm heads. Immunoreactivity for α-l-fucosidase was also detected in the Golgi apparatus of spermatocytes and spermatids but no immunoreactivity was observed in the acrosome. 2. Fractionation of epididymal sperm homogenates indicated that over 90% of the α-l-fucosidase activity was associated with the 48000 g pellet. This pellet-associated activity could be solubilized with 0.5 M NaCl but not with 0.5% Triton X-100, suggesting that fucosidase is peripherally associated with membranes. Sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of sperm homogenates indicated that fucosidase was enriched in the plasma membrane-enriched fraction. Analysis of α-l-fucosidase on intact epididymal sperm indicated that the enzyme was active, displayed linear kinetics and had a pH–activity curve (with an optimum near 7) which was comparable to that of fucosidase from epididymal sperm extracts. These results further suggest that fucosidase is associated with plasma membranes, and that its active site is accessible to fucoconjugates. Evidence that most of the fucosidase is associated with the exterior of the plasma membrane came from studies in which intact sperm had fucosidase activity comparable to that of sperm sonicates, and from studies in which approx. 90% of the fucosidase activity on intact sperm could be released from the sperm by gentle shaking with 0.5 M NaCl. Isoelectric focusing indicated that the NaCl-solubilized epididymal sperm fucosidase appears to have one major and one minor isoform with pIs near 7.2 and 5.2, respectively. SDS/PAGE and Western blotting indicated that the NaCl-solubilized extract of epididymal sperm contains two protein bands of 54 and 50 kDa which were highly immunoreactive with the IgG fraction of anti-fucosidase antibodies. Although the function of the novel sperm fucosidase is not known, its specific localization to the plasma membrane of the region of the rat sperm head involved in sperm–egg binding and its high enzymic activity at neutral pH on intact sperm suggest that this enzyme may have a role in sperm–egg interactions.

3 ß-Hydroxysteroid Oxidoreductase in Suspension Cultures of Digitalis lanata EH RH

1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 963-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildegard Maria Warneck ◽  
Hanns Ulrich Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Cell Compartment ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Digitalis Lanata ◽  
Substrate Kinetics ◽  
Soluble Part

Abstract A 3 β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase was isolated and characterized in the microsomes of Digitalis lanata cell cultures. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione to 5a-pregnan-3 β-ol-20-one and requires NAD(P)H2. The enzyme was found to have a pH optimum of 80. The reaction had an optimum incubation temperature of 25 °C with linear reduction for the first 4 h, reaching maximum enzyme activity after 7 h. Substrate kinetics for 5a-pregnane-3,20-dione and NADPH2 resulted in apparent Km-values of 18.5-20 (µM for 5a-pregnane-3,20-dione and 50-120 µM for the co-substrate NADPH2. In order to localize 3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase differential centrifugation as well as linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation were performed. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that 3β-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase is not associated with a single cell compartment, but consists of a major soluble part and a markedly smaller part of endoplasmic reticulum-associated activity

scholarly journals Purification, characterization and identification of rat liver histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes

1976 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Noguchi ◽  
E Okuno ◽  
Y Minatogawa ◽  
R Kido
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Aminotransferase Activity ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum

1. Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) was purified to homogeneity from the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of rat liver, as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isolectric focusing. Both enzyme preparations were remarkably similar in physical and enzymic properties. Isoenzyme 1 had pI8.0 and a pH optimum of 9.0. The enzyme was active with pyruvate as amino acceptor but not with 2-oxoglutarate, and utilized various aromatic amino acids as amino donors in the following order of activity: phenylalanine greater than tyrosine greater than histidine. Very little activity was found with tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km values were about 2.6mM for histidine and 2.7 mM for phenylalanine. Km values for pyruvate were about 5.2mM with phenylalanine as amino donor and 1.1mM with histidine. The aminotransferase activity of the enzyme towards phenylalanine was inhibited by the addition of histidine. The mol.wt. determined by gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation was approx. 70000. The mitochondrial and supernatant isoenzyme 1 activities increased approximately 25-fold and 3.2-fold respectively in rats repeatedly injected with glucagon for 2 days. 2. An additional histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 2) was partially purified from both the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of rat liver. Nearly identical properties were observed with both preparations. Isoenzyme 2 had pI5.2 and a pH optimum of 9.3. The enzyme was specific for pyruvate and did not function with 2-oxoglutarate. The order of effectiveness of amino donors was tyrosine = phenylalanine greater than histidine greater than tryptophan greater than 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km values for histidine and phenylalanine were about 0.51 and 1.8 mM respectively. Km values for pyruvate were about 3.5mM with phenylalanine and 4.7mM with histidine as amino donors. Histidine inhibited phenylalanine aminotransferase activity of the enzyme. Gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded a mol.wt. of approx. 90000. Neither the mitochondrial nor the supernatant isoenzyme 2 activity was elevated by glucagon injection.

scholarly journals Subcellular localization and properties of rat liver adenosine diphosphatase

1980 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
G P Smith ◽  
G D Smith ◽  
T J Peters
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Subcellular Fractionation ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Outer Membranes ◽  
Selective Membrane

ADPase (adenosine diphosphatase) was assayed in rat liver homogenates with [beta-32P]ADP as substrate. The activity had a pH optimum of 8.0 and was strongly activated by Mg2+. The intracellular localization was determined by analytical subcellular fractionation with single-step sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Selective membrane perturbants were used to enhance the resolution of the various organelles. ADPase was localized to the mitochondria. Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation and subfractionated by selective disruption of the inner and outer membranes. The intramitochondrial localization of ADPase was compared with various marker enzymes and was shown to be concentrated in the outer-membrane fractions. The effects of various inhibitors on the ADPase activity were determined and the possibility that the activity could be due to known enzyme systems was considered. It is concluded that ADP degradation is due to a hitherto unrecognized mitochondrial enzyme.

scholarly journals Claudin-1 and -2: Novel Integral Membrane Proteins Localizing at Tight Junctions with No Sequence Similarity to Occludin

1998 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
pp. 1539-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikio Furuse ◽  
Kohji Fujita ◽  
Takashi Hiiragi ◽  
Kazushi Fujimoto ◽  
Shoichiro Tsukita
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Multiple Integral ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Transmembrane Domains ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation

Occludin is the only known integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions (TJ), but recent targeted disruption analysis of the occludin gene indicated the existence of as yet unidentified integral membrane proteins in TJ. We therefore re-examined the isolated junction fraction from chicken liver, from which occludin was first identified. Among numerous components of this fraction, only a broad silver-stained band ∼22 kD was detected with the occludin band through 4 M guanidine-HCl extraction as well as sonication followed by stepwise sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Two distinct peptide sequences were obtained from the lower and upper halves of the broad band, and similarity searches of databases allowed us to isolate two full-length cDNAs encoding related mouse 22-kD proteins consisting of 211 and 230 amino acids, respectively. Hydrophilicity analysis suggested that both bore four transmembrane domains, although they did not show any sequence similarity to occludin. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that both proteins tagged with FLAG or GFP were targeted to and incorporated into the TJ strand itself. We designated them as “claudin-1” and “claudin-2”, respectively. Although the precise structure/function relationship of the claudins to TJ still remains elusive, these findings indicated that multiple integral membrane proteins with four putative transmembrane domains, occludin and claudins, constitute TJ strands.

Functional and Regulatory Properties of H+ Pumps at the Tonoplast and Plasma Membranes of Zea mays Coleoptiles

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 927-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hager ◽  
W. Biber
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Pronounced Increase

Abstract A microsomal membrane fraction (6000 x g supernatant of a cell homogenate), isolated from coleoptiles of Zea mays, was separated by isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation in the presence of EDTA and without a prior pelleting step to avoid irreversible sticking of different membrane species. The membrane fractions were characterized by assaying commonly used marker enzymes, and the levels of activity investigated of ATP hydrolysis, ATP-dependent H+ transport, and co- and countertransport of ions, such as Cl- , fumarate2-, K+ and Li+. The following results were obtained: (1) ATP hydrolysis is performed by different enzymes associated with different membranes: - vacuolar acid phosphatase (AP; inhibited by molybdate); - Golgi phosphatase, revealing IDPase, pNPase and ATPase activity (not inhibited by molybdate); - ATPase activity of residual submitochondrial particles (sensitive to azide); - a H+-translocating ATPase at tonoplast membranes (Km(ATP) = 0.29 mᴍ; pH 7.5; stimulated by uncouplers and completely inhibited by NO-3); - the H+-translocating ATPase of the plasmalemma (Km(ATP) = 0.39 mᴍ at pH 6.5, inhibited by vanadate, but not by NO-3). The latter activity is evident only after an osmotic shock, indicating that PL vesicles primarily exist as inside-in-vesicles. (2) ATP-fueled H+ pumps are localized at tonoplast (TO) and plasmalemma (PL) vesicles, they differ to some extent in their properties: (a) The PLH+ pump has a very narrow pH optimum and exhibits highest levels of activity at pH 6.5 with a pronounced increase of activity between pH 7.5 and 6.5 (properties, obviously important in vivo for the regulation of active H+-extrusion by certain growth substances, which affect the cytoplasmic pH (Hager and Moser, Planta 1984, in press); in contrast, TO H+ pumps show a considerably wider pH optimum with highest levels of activity around pH 7.5. (b) In variance to the PL H+ pump the activity of TO pumps (Km(ATP) = 0.24 mᴍ) is regulated via the oxidation state of essential thiol groups. Their oxidation to the S -S - form (e.g. by blue light in the presence of a flavin) causes an inactivation, whereas a re-reduction by GSH or cystein restores the activity [51]. (c) The ATP-fueled H+ transport into TO vesicles depends on an anion co-transport; most effective is Cl- , but there is also a stimulation by organic ions, C4 and C5 dicarboxylates, such as malate, succinate, fumarate, 2-oxoglutarate and aspartate; NO-3 is inhibitory. (d) H+-transport into sealed PL vesicles is also anion dependent. In this case, however, NO-3 is as effective as Cl-. (3) The TO membranes contain a H+/K+ exchange mechanism responsible for a secondary active K+ uptake into the vacuole. This mechanism could be the reason for a lower (ATP dependent) acidification of TO vesicles in the presence of K+ compared with Li+. - Similar effects are observed with plasmamembrane vesicles, but in this case there is still the question whether a H+/K+-exchange, a K+ channel, or both are acting.

scholarly journals Synthesis of the major oil-body membrane protein in developing rapeseed (Brassica napus) embryos. Integration with storage-lipid and storage-protein synthesis and implications for the mechanism of oil-body formation

1989 ◽  
Vol 258 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Murphy ◽  
I Cummins ◽  
A S Kang
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Oil Body ◽  
Oil Bodies ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Body Protein

The synthesis of the major protein and lipid storage reserves during embryogenesis in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., cv. Mikado) has been examined by biochemical, immunological and immunocytochemical techniques. The mature seeds contained about 45% (w/w) storage oil and 25% (w/w) protein. There were three major seed protein components, i.e. about 40-50% total protein was cruciferin, 20% was napin and 20% was a 18 kDa hydrophobic polypeptide associated with the proteinaceous membrane surrounding the storage oil bodies. Embryogenesis was divided into four overlapping stages with regard to the synthesis of these storage components: (1) for the first 3 weeks after flowering, little, if any, synthesis of storage components was observed; (2) storage-oil synthesis began at about week 3, and maximal rates were from weeks 4 to 7; (3) synthesis of the soluble storage proteins cruciferin and napin started at week 6 and rates were maximal between weeks 8 and 11; (4) the final stage was the synthesis of the 19 kDa oil-body polypeptide, which started at weeks 8-10 and was at a maximal rate between weeks 10 and 12. The synthesis of the 19 kDa oil-body protein therefore occurred independently of the synthesis of the soluble seed storage proteins. This former synthesis did not occur until shortly before the insertion of the 19 kDa polypeptide into the oil-body membrane. No evidence was found, either from sucrose-density-gradient-centrifugation experiments or from immunogold-labelling studies, for its prior accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Conventional and immunogold-electron-microscopic studies showed that oil bodies were synthesized in the early to middle stages of seed development without a strongly electron-dense membrane. Such a membrane was only found at later stages of seed development, concomitantly with the synthesis of the 19 kDa protein. It is proposed that, in rapeseed embryos, oil bodies are initially formed with no proteinaceous membrane. Such a membrane is formed later in development after insertion by ribosomes of the hydrophobic 19 kDa polypeptide directly into the oil bodies.

scholarly journals Purification and characterization of kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase from the liver, brain and small intestine of rats

1975 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Noguchi ◽  
Y Minatogawa ◽  
E Okuno ◽  
M Nakatani ◽  
M Morimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Wide Range

1. Kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) was purified to homogeneity from the liver, brain and small intestine of rats by the same procedure. The three enzyme preparations had nearly identical pH optima, substrate specificities and molecular weights. Isoenzyme 1 was active with 2-oxoglutarate but not with pyruvate as amino acceptor, and utilized a wide range of amino acids as amino donors. Amino acids were effective in the following order to activity: L-aspartate greater than L-tyrosine greater than L-phenylalanine greater than L-tryptophan greater than 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan greater than L-kynurenine. The molecular weight was approximately 88 000 as determined by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The pH optimum was between 8.0 and 8.5. On the basis of substrate specificity, substrate inhibition, subcellular distribution and polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, it is suggested that liver, brain and small intestinal kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 1) is identical with mitochondrial tyrosine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and also with mitochondrial aspartate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. 2. An additional kynurenine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (isoenzyme 2) was purified from the liver. This enzyme was specific for 2-oxoglutarate and L-kynurenine. Sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation gave a molecular weight of approximately 100 000. The pH optimum was between 6.0 and 6.5. This enzyme was not detected in the brain or small intestine.

scholarly journals Organ distribution of rat histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes

1976 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Noguchi ◽  
Y Minatogawa ◽  
E Okuno ◽  
R Kido
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Amino Donor

The organ distribution of rat histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzymes 1 and 2 was examined by using an isoelectric-focusing technique. Isoenzyme 1 (pI8.0) is present only in the liver and its activity is increased by the injection of glucagon, whereas isoenzyme 2 (pI5.2) is distributed in all tissues (liver, kidney, brain and heart) tested, and is not affected by glucagon injection. Isoenzyme 2 of the liver, kidney, brain and heart was purified by the same procedure and characterized. Isoenzyme 2 preparations from these four tissues were nearly identical in physical and enzymic properties. These properties differed from those previously found for the highly purified isoenzyme 1 preparation of rat liver. Isoenzyme 2 was active with pyruvate but not with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor. Amino donors were effective in the following order of activity: tyrosine greater than histidine greater than phenylalanine greater than kynurenine greater than tryptophan. Very little activity was found with 5-hydroxytryptophan. The apparent Km for histidine was about 0.45 mM. The Km for pyruvate was about 4.5 mM with histidine as amino donor. The amino-transferase activities of isoenzyme 2 towards phenylalanine and tyrosine were inhibited by histidine. The ratio of aminotransferase activities towards these three amino acids was constant through gel filtration, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation of the purified isoenzyme 2 preparations. These results suggest that these three activities are properties of the same enzyme protein. Sephadex G-150 gel filtration and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation yielded mol.wts. of approx. 95000 and 92000 respectively. The pH optimum was between 9.0 and 9.3.

scholarly journals Purification and general properties of glutamate decarboxylase from Clostridium perfringens

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Cozzani ◽  
A. Misuri ◽  
C. Santoni
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Glutamate Decarboxylase ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Thiol Compounds ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Starch Gel

1. A seven-step procedure for preparing highly purified glutamate decarboxylase from Clostridium perfringens is described. 2. The homogeneity of the pure enzyme was established by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and starch-gel electrophoresis. 3. The isoelectric point of the pure enzyme is about pH4.5 and the molecular weight is 290000. 4. The pH optimum for activity is 4.7. The pure enzyme is specific for l-glutamate; β-hydroxyglutamate is decarboxylated at a lower rate. 5. Evidence is presented that each mol of enzyme contains 2mol of firmly bound pyridoxal 5-phosphate. 6. Resolution does not occur at acid pH; by dilution with neutral or alkaline buffers the enzyme is inactivated and the coenzyme is released. 7. Reconstitution of active enzyme was obtained by protecting the apoenzyme with thiol compounds.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document