Metabolism of Dyfonate by soil fungi

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Flashinski ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Unknown Compound ◽  
Phenyl Sulfone ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Phenyl

The metabolism and detoxication of 14C-(ethoxy) and 14C-(ring)-Dyfonate were demonstrated with isolated soil fungi. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the production of insecticide metabolites were observed. Among the nine fungal species tested, Mucor plumbeus and Rhizopus arrhizus were most active in degrading the insecticide, while Penicillium notatum was the least active. This activity was evidenced by the production of increasing amounts of water-soluble 14C-compounds in the culture media and the disappearance (degradation) of the originally applied insecticide from the fungal cultures. The water-soluble metabolites were non-toxic to mosquito larvae. Hexane-extractable compounds from cultures of the most active species were non-toxic to fruit flies, while those from cultures of the less active fungal species were insecticidal. Among the metabolites produced and detected by thin-layer chromatography were primarily dyfoxon, ethylethoxyphosphonothioic acid, ethylethoxyphosphonic acid, methyl phenyl sulfoxide, and methyl phenyl sulfone. With Aspergillus niger and 14C-(ring)-Dyfonate, most of the radiocarbon recovered from the TLC-plates was associated with an unknown compound. Production of the metabolites by the fungi was a function of the live mycelia, followed by excretion of water-soluble 14C-compounds into the culture media.

Environmental factors affecting the degradation of Dyfonate by soil fungi

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Flashinski ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Phenyl Sulfone ◽  
Methyl Phenyl

The ability of selected fungi to degrade the soil insecticide Dyfonate (O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate) into water-soluble, noninsecticidal metabolites was found to be dependent on the supply of nutrients, incubation time, temperature, pH, as well as other factors. With yeast extract as the carbon source (5 g/liter) and ammonium nitrate (1 g/liter) as the nitrogen source, both Rhizopus arrhizus and Penicillium notatum degraded the insecticide to a larger extent than with any other combination of nutrients used. With glucose as the carbon source, concentrations of ammonium nitrate above 5 g/liter inhibited the degradation of Dyfonate by R. arrhizus. Time-course studies on the metabolism of the insecticide indicated that Dyfonate was first absorbed by the fungal mycelium, where it was metabolized followed by the release of water-soluble, noninsecticidal, breakdown products into the culture media. The degradation appeared to involve the breakdown of Dyfonate into ethyl acetate soluble metabolites, such as ethylethoxyphosphonothioic acid, ethylethoxyphosphonic acid, methyl phenyl sulfoxide, and methyl phenyl sulfone. These compounds were then further degraded into water-soluble products. The optimum conditions for the degradation of the insecticide by R. arrhizus were observed at pH 6.0 to 7.0 and at 15–25 °C. Aged fungal mycelia were as active as mycelia in the logarithmic growth phase.

Effects of various soil fungi and insecticides on the capacity of Mucor alternans to degrade DDT

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. E. Anderson ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metabolite Formation ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Free Media ◽  
Related Compounds

Pure cultures of the fungus Mucor alternans, isolated from DDT-contaminated soils, were able to degrade DDT to water-soluble metabolites. After the addition of fungal spores to DDT-contaminated soils, however, the insecticide-degrading capacity of the fungus was no longer evident. Since under field conditions many species of fungi are simultaneously exposed to mixed residues of pesticidal chemicals, the effects of various species of soil fungi and of various insecticides on DDT degradation by M. alternans were investigated. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of nine fungal species, their stale cell-free media, and various insecticides and related compounds on the capacity of M. alternans to degrade 14C-DDT to water-soluble metabolites. It was found that several pure fungal cultures or some cell-free media, in which mycelia had grown, could also degrade the insecticide. In most cases, however, addition of one of the various fungi to 14C-DDT-treated M. alternans cultures resulted in a total depression of the appearance of water-soluble metabolites in the media. This was due to an accumulation of the metabolites in the mycelium of the other fungus or in an inhibition of metabolite formation. Addition of stale media from various fungi to 14C-DDT-treated M. alternans cultures had various effects on fungal growth and on the capacity of the fungus to degrade the insecticide. Among the insecticides and related compounds tested only lindane, parathion, and Dyfonate caused a reduction in DDT degradation by M. alternans, without severely reducing its vegetative growth.

Degradation of [14C]photodieldrin by Trichoderma viride as affected by other insecticides

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1345-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. K. Tabet ◽  
E. P. Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Insecticidal Compounds

Various soil fungi were tested for their capacity to degrade the insecticide [14C]photodieldrin. Of nine species investigated, Trichoderma viride was the only one which degraded the insecticide to an appreciable extent into water-soluble, non-insecticidal compounds within 4–5 weeks. These products amounted to 32–41% of the radiocarbon applied to the culture media. The degradation was a function of live mycelia, which metabolized the insecticide and excreted water-soluble compounds into the culture media. Since soils usually contain a mixture of pesticide residues, the effects of several chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on the capacity of the fungus to degrade [14C]photodieldrin were studied. Thus, in fungal cultures treated with compounds structurally similar to photodieldrin, such as aldrin and dieldrin, only 4–17% of the applied radiocarbon was water-soluble and more photodieldrin remained. In controls, however, 35% of the applied radiocarbon was in the form of water-soluble products and less photodieldrin remained. The degradation of [14C]photodieldrin by T. viride, with time, was associated with a continuous decline of hexane-soluble radiocarbon and a steady increase of water-soluble metabolites, which appeared in the fungal media. The amount of hexane-soluble radiocarbon in mycelia was directly related to the fungal mass.

Mass spectrometry as a versatile ancillary technique for the rapid in situ identification of lichen metabolites directly from TLC plates

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre LE POGAM ◽  
Aline PILLOT ◽  
Françoise LOHEZIC-LE DEVEHAT ◽  
Anne-Cécile LE LAMER ◽  
Béatrice LEGOUIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Chemical Profiling ◽  
Analytical Strategies ◽  
Tlc Plates ◽  
Lichen Metabolites ◽  
Acetone Extracts ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Structural Classes

AbstractThin-layer chromatography (TLC) still enjoys widespread popularity among lichenologists as one of the fastest and simplest analytical strategies, today remaining the primary method of assessing the secondary product content of lichens. The pitfalls associated with this approach are well known as TLC leads to characterizing compounds by comparison with standards rather than properly identifying them, which might lead to erroneous assignments, accounting for the long-held interest in hyphenating TLC with dedicated identification tools. As such, commercially available TLC/Mass Spectrometry (MS) interfaces can be easily connected to any brand of mass spectrometer without adjustments. The spots of interest are extracted from the TLC plate to retrieve mass spectrometric signals within one minute, thereby ensuring accurate identification of the chromatographed substances. The results of this hyphenated strategy for lichens are presented here by 1) describing the TLC migration and direct MS analysis of single lichen metabolites of various structural classes, 2) highlighting it through the chemical profiling of crude acetone extracts of a set of lichens of known chemical composition, and finally 3) applying it to a lichen of unknown profile, Usnea trachycarpa.

scholarly journals Culture media selection for mass production of Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Moura Mascarin ◽  
Sérgio Batista Alves ◽  
Rogério Biaggioni Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Sugarcane Molasses ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Isaria Fumosorosea ◽  
Isaria Farinosa ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Biphasic Fermentation

This work investigated the production of the fungi Isaria fumosorosea and Isaria farinosa in biphasic fermentation using agro-industrial products and residues. Combinations of natural liquid substrates, alternative to the complete medium and potato dextrose medium, were evaluated. The best liquid media were sugarcane molasses + rice broth, rice broth + yeast and sugarcane molasses + yeast + rice broth, which resulted in the highest viable propagule concentration. The molasses + rice broth medium was selected for the next phase of the study in which the production of both fungal isolates was evaluated in solid grain substrates. In solid-state fermentation, the best conidia production was achieved with the soybean meal and broken corn for I. farinosa, and whole rice and broken rice for I. fumosorosea. Results demonstrated that the two fungal species could be rapidly produced with higher yield of conidia on agro-industrial resources by using biphasic fermentation techniques.

scholarly journals The Response of Critical Microbial Taxa to Litter Micro-Nutrients and Macro-Chemistry Determined the Agricultural Soil Priming Intensity After Afforestation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongling Yang ◽  
Yulin Li ◽  
Shaokun Wang ◽  
Jin Zhan ◽  
Zhiying Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Litter Quality ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Farmland Soil ◽  
Litter Mixture ◽  
Soc Mineralization

Afforestation with trees and shrubs around cropland can effectively decrease soil degradation and avoid sand storms, but subsequent modification of litter quality accelerates the degradation of native organic matter via the soil priming effect (PE). Although carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation was widely studied, little is known about the extent to which soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization is induced by complex residue input in agro-forest-grass composite ecosystems. Here, we mixed corn field soil and litter of afforestation tree and shrub species together in a micro-environment to quantify the effects of litter-mixture input on farmland soil priming associated with afforestation. Additionally, we studied the responses of bacterial and fungal species to litter chemistry, with the aim to identify the litter and microbial driver of soil priming. The results showed that soil priming was accelerated by different litter addition which varied from 24 to 74% of SOC mineralization, suggesting that priming intensity was relatively flexible and highly affected by litter quality. We also find that the macro-chemistry (including litter carbon, nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose) directly affects priming intensity, while micro-chemistry (including litter soluble sugar, water-soluble phenol, methanol-soluble phenol, and condensed tannin) indirectly influences priming via alteration to dominant bacterial taxa. The stepwise regression analysis suggested that litter nitrogen and cellulose were the critical litter drivers to soil priming (r2 = 0.279), and the combination of bacterial phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and fungal taxa Eurotiomycetes was a great model to explain the priming intensity (r2 = 0.407).

scholarly journals Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere mycoflora of two ferns from Panhala Fort, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 8638
Author(s):  
P. R. Hande ◽  
M. M. Dongare
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Rhizosphere Effect ◽  
Rhizosphere Soils ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Preliminary Study

Hypodematium crenatum (Forssk.) Kuhn and Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link are threatened fern species from Western Ghats.  The present paper endorses the preliminary study on mycoflora associated with these ferns.  Eighteen fungal species have been isolated from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of selected ferns.  More diversity of fungi was observed in non-rhizosphere as compared to rhizosphere soils of both the ferns.  Aspergillus was found to be the most dominant genus among the population followed by Penicillium.  Higher percentage of fungal species is shown by H. crenatum, i.e., 44.5% in non-rhizosphere and 27.77% in rhizosphere; while a lower percentage of fungal species was found in A. leptophylla, i.e., 38.88% in non-rhizosphere and 16.66% in rhizosphere.  Number of colony forming units per gram soil was more in non-rhizosphere of A. leptophylla while it was less in non-rhizosphere of H. crenatum.  Inhibitory rhizosphere effect was exerted by A. leptophylla while H. crenatum has stimulatory effect on soil fungi. 

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