Studies on the cell wall of Spirillum serpens. 1. Isolation and partial purification of the outermost cell wall layer

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1011-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis L. A. Buckmire ◽  
Robert G. E. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Repeated Heating ◽  
Physical Study ◽  
Backing Layer ◽  
Wall Components

The presence of the hexagonal array of macromolecules on the outer surface of the cell wall of Spirillum serpens VHA required the addition of calcium to an otherwise effective growth medium (vitamin-free casein hydrolysate); slightly improved growth resulted from addition of a complex salts mixture. A means of isolating this layer for chemical and physical study was sought and controlled by electron microscopy of freeze-etched, negatively stained, and sectioned preparations. The structure was destroyed, extracted, or removed by extremes of pH (<4.5, >9), 1 M guanidine hydrochloride (pH 7), 2 M urea, and dimethyl sulfoxide, with varying damage to the cell. Heat (60° for 1 h) removed much of the outer layer from the intact cell as an array of units disposed on a delicate backing layer, leaving the basic Gram-negative triplet wall components. These fragments remained stable through washing and repeated heating in the presence of 0.001 M calcium chloride. Guanidine hydrochloride (1.5 M) dissolved the units from the tubes and vesicles formed by the backing layer. Dialysis against water removed salts and guanidine, caused the precipitation of residual contaminants, and provided a supernatant which, when lyophilized, provided a product containing 98% protein.

Cell wall of Fusarium sulphureum. II. Chemical composition of the conidial and chlamydospore walls

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Schneider ◽  
L. R. Barran ◽  
P. J. Wood ◽  
I. R. Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Fusarium Sulphureum ◽  
Spore Walls ◽  
Wall Components

Examination of the conidial and chlamydospore walls of Fusarium sulphureum by electron microscopy showed the presence of two distinct layers of differing electron densities. These include a relatively narrow outer electron-dense layer and a broader more transparent inner layer. Both chlamydospore cell wall layers were thicker than the conidial wall. The outer wall of the chlamydospore wall was 30% thicker while the inner cell wall layer was 250% thicker than the corresponding cell wall layers in the conidia. During conidial differentiation to form chlamydospores there was a considerable augmentation of all cell wall components which varied from 7 to 26-fold per cell. The augmentation of the major cell wall constituents (N-acetylglucoseamine (NAG), glucose, and protein) and the vast increase in the inner cell wall of the chlamydospore wall indicated that these newly synthesized constituents are predominently located in the inner cell wall layer.The major carbohydrate constituents on a dry weight basis in both the conidial and chlamydospore walls were glucose, glucuronic acid, and N-acetylglycosamine (NAG). However, the proportion of these and the other carbohydrate constituents were different for both spore walls. Thus, the conidial wall contained about 50% less NAG and glucuronic acid but twice the glucose content of the chlamydospore wall. Protein was a major component of both spore walls (21.6%, conidial wall; 28.5%, chlamydospore wall). Amino acid analysis indicated differences in the types of protein present in the two spore walls. The lipid content of both conidia and chlamydospore was low (1–2%).

Studies on the cell wall of Spirillum serpens. II. Chemical characterization of the outer structured layer

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis L. A. Buckmire ◽  
Robert G. E. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Molecular Sieve ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Density Gradients

The outer cell-wall layer of Spirillum serpens VHA, composed of a hexagonal array of macromolecules, was dissociated from 'cleaned' cell-wall fragments with 1.5 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 7.0. The soluble material contained 98% protein, 2% carbohydrate, and no ethanolamine, phosphate, RNA, or DNA. Evidence for the homogeneity of the isolated cell-wall protein was obtained by sedimentation velocity, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-200, and sucrose density gradients. The protein was acidic and had a minimum molecular weight of about 48 000 daltons calculated from the amino acid analysis. A molecular weight of between 125 000 and 150 000 daltons was obtained for the protein by polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis, sucrose density gradients, and molecular sieve chromatography. The sedimentation rate of the protein was considerably less in 1.5 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 7.0, than in its absence although the protein remained homogenous under both conditions. Self-assembly of the purified protein into its original hexagonal layer on a template of wall fragments from which the protein had been removed previously was obtained when the mixture was incubated in the presence, but not in the absence of Ca2+. It seems likely that the particles (hexagons) seen on the surface of the cell are an assembly of trimers.

In vitro and in vivo polysaccharides assembly: ultrastructural and cytochemical study of growing plant cell wall components.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
D. Reis ◽  
B. Vian ◽  
J. C. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Wall Components

Wall morphogenesis in higher plants is a problem still open to controversy. Until now the possibility of a transmembrane control and the involvement of microtubules were mostly envisaged. Self-assembly processes have been observed in the case of walls of Chlamydomonas and bacteria. Spontaneous gelling interactions between xanthan and galactomannan from Ceratonia have been analyzed very recently. The present work provides indications that some processes of spontaneous aggregation could occur in higher plants during the formation and expansion of cell wall.Observations were performed on hypocotyl of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) for which growth characteristics and wall composition have been previously defined.In situ, the walls of actively growing cells (primary walls) show an ordered three-dimensional organization (fig. 1). The wall is typically polylamellate with multifibrillar layers alternately transverse and longitudinal. Between these layers intermediate strata exist in which the orientation of microfibrils progressively rotates. Thus a progressive change in the morphogenetic activity occurs.

Mitogenic Activity of Cell Wall Components from Lactobacillus acidophilus

1993 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro YAMADA ◽  
Haruki KITAZAWA ◽  
Junko UEMURA ◽  
Tadao SAITOH ◽  
Takatoshi ITOH
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Mitogenic Activity ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Wall Components

scholarly journals Ibudilast Mitigates Delayed Bone Healing Caused by Lipopolysaccharide by Altering Osteoblast and Osteoclast Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1169
Author(s):  
Yuhan Chang ◽  
Chih-Chien Hu ◽  
Ying-Yu Wu ◽  
Steve W. N. Ueng ◽  
Chih-Hsiang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Bone Healing ◽  
Bone Bridge ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Osteoclast Activity ◽  
Wall Components

Bacterial infection in orthopedic surgery is challenging because cell wall components released after bactericidal treatment can alter osteoblast and osteoclast activity and impair fracture stability. However, the precise effects and mechanisms whereby cell wall components impair bone healing are unclear. In this study, we characterized the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on bone healing and osteoclast and osteoblast activity in vitro and in vivo and evaluated the effects of ibudilast, an antagonist of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), on LPS-induced changes. In particular, micro-computed tomography was used to reconstruct femoral morphology and analyze callus bone content in a femoral defect mouse model. In the sham-treated group, significant bone bridge and cancellous bone formation were observed after surgery, however, LPS treatment delayed bone bridge and cancellous bone formation. LPS inhibited osteogenic factor-induced MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, calcium deposition, and osteopontin secretion and increased the activity of osteoclast-associated molecules, including cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase in vitro. Finally, ibudilast blocked the LPS-induced inhibition of osteoblast activation and activation of osteoclast in vitro and attenuated LPS-induced delayed callus bone formation in vivo. Our results provide a basis for the development of a novel strategy for the treatment of bone infection.

Changes in cell wall components and hygroscopic properties of Pinus radiata caused by heat treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto García-Iruela ◽  
Luis García Esteban ◽  
Francisco García Fernández ◽  
Paloma de Palacios ◽  
Alejandro B. Rodriguez-Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Wall Components

scholarly journals Synthetic carbohydrate-based cell wall components from Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Berni ◽  
Jacopo Enotarpi ◽  
Thijs Voskuilen ◽  
Sizhe Li ◽  
Gijs A. van der Marel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Synthetic Carbohydrate ◽  
Wall Components

Changes in the cell wall components produced by exogenous abscisic acid treatment in strawberry fruit

Cellulose ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo I. Castro ◽  
Ana Gonzalez-Feliu ◽  
Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo ◽  
Carolina Parra-Palma ◽  
Luis Morales-Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Cell Wall Components ◽  
Wall Components

scholarly journals Even Visually Intact Cell Walls in Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Are Chemically Deteriorated and Mechanically Fragile: A Case of a 170 Year-Old Shipwreck

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuyang Han ◽  
Xingling Tian ◽  
Tobias Keplinger ◽  
Haibin Zhou ◽  
Ren Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Wet Chemistry ◽  
Archaeological Wood ◽  
Waterlogged Archaeological Wood ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Crystallite Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Mechanics

Structural and chemical deterioration and its impact on cell wall mechanics were investigated for visually intact cell walls (VICWs) in waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW). Cell wall mechanical properties were examined by nanoindentation without prior embedding. WAW showed more than 25% decrease of both hardness and elastic modulus. Changes of cell wall composition, cellulose crystallite structure and porosity were investigated by ATR-FTIR imaging, Raman imaging, wet chemistry, 13C-solid state NMR, pyrolysis-GC/MS, wide angle X-ray scattering, and N2 nitrogen adsorption. VICWs in WAW possessed a cleavage of carboxyl in side chains of xylan, a serious loss of polysaccharides, and a partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks in lignin. This was accompanied by a higher amount of mesopores in cell walls. Even VICWs in WAW were severely deteriorated at the nanoscale with impact on mechanics, which has strong implications for the conservation of archaeological shipwrecks.

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