Detection of cross-reactions by immunofluorescence within the picornavirus group

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 601-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Chaudhary ◽  
J. C. N. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Echovirus Type

A rapid and sensitive method has been developed to determine the degree of cross-reactions within the picornavirus group by the indirect method of fluorescent antibody staining in green monkey kidney cells. The viruses included in the study were poliovirus type 1, 2, and 3; echovirus type 3, 9, and 11; and coxsackievirus type A9 and B5. It has been found that the cross-reactions are in fact extensive amongst the viruses tested. The heterologous reactions were almost as strong as homologous reactions. The degree of group reactivity was unexpected and its implication and advantages are discussed.

Serological cross-reactivity within the picornaviruses as studied by electron microscopy

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Chaudhary ◽  
D. A. Kennedy ◽  
J. C. N. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antigenic Relationship ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Microscopic Method ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Echovirus Type ◽  
Electron Microscopic Method

A sensitive electron microscopic method has been developed to determine the antigenic relationship within the picornavirus group. Negatively stained mixtures of antigens (poliovirus type 1 and 3, echovirus type 9, and coxsackievirus type A9) and antibodies (poliovirus type 3 and echovirus type 9 antisera) were examined under the electron microscope. The results showed clumping of homologous and heterologous viruses with both antisera, which was considered as evidence of cross-reaction. The controls showed no clumping or attachment of antibody molecules. The significance of clumping was tested by treating adenovirus type 7 with the two test antisera.

scholarly journals Human enterovirus infection in stray dogs. Some aspects of interest to public health

1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliseu Alves Waldman ◽  
Regina C. Moreira ◽  
Sueli G. Saez ◽  
Denise F.C. Souza ◽  
Rita de C.C. Carmona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Echovirus Type

To investigate the possible role of domestic animals as reservoirs of human enteroviruses, we studied 212 stray dogs captured in different areas of the municipality of São Paulo. The captured animals were divided into 19 groups of 10 to 20 dogs each; faeces of 126 of the 212 dogs were processed for enterovirus isolation. The following viruses were isolated from 12 dogs: poliovirus type 1 (2 dogs), poliovirus type 3 (1 dog), echovirus type 7 (8 dogs) and echovirus type 15 (1 dog). Of the 12 infected animals, four had specific homotypic neutralizing antibody titres > 16. All 212 animals were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to human enteroviruses. The frequency of neutralizing antibodies present in titres of > 16 was 10.3%, 3,8% and 4.3% for vaccinal prototypes of polioviruses 1, 2 and 3 respectively; 1,9%, 1.4% and 1.5% for wild prototypes of the same viruses, 11.3% for echovirus 7, and 2.4% for echovirus 15. The proportion of dogs with neutralizing antibodies varied with the virus studied. Some indication of the susceptibility of dogs to infection with human enteroviruses was demonstrated, and the importance of this fact for the Plan for Global Eradication of the Wild Poliovirus is discussed.

Sensitivity of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 to different groups of chemical biocides

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sauerbrei ◽  
W. Eschrich ◽  
A. Brandstädt ◽  
P. Wutzler
Keyword(s):  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Echovirus Type

scholarly journals THE SIGNIFICANCE OF M AND T ANTIGENS IN THE CROSS REACTIONS BETWEEN CERTAIN TYPES OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Lancefield
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
T Antigens ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Group A ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Type 3

In any one strain the occurrence of the previously recognized type-specific protein, M, is usually completely correlated with the presence of the recently recognized type-specific antigen, T. Strain C203 is exceptional in having the T substance of type 1 as well as the two type-specific antigens, M and T, characteristic of type 3. It does not have the M antigen of type 1. While other strains with similar antigenic peculiarities have not been encountered, it is probable that they occur, and the existence of such anomalies must be suspected when unusual serological reactions occur.

Removal of Viruses from Tapwater by Fiberglass Filters Modified with a Combination of Cationic Polymers

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
D. R. Preston ◽  
S. R. Farrah ◽  
G. Bitton
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Cationic Polymer ◽  
Cationic Polymers ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Echovirus Type

This paper describes the development of an inexpensive electropositive filter capable of adsorbing enteroviruses from waters at pH 5 to 9. We have previously reported that electronegative microporous filters composed of epoxy-fiberglass (Filterite) treated with the cationic polymers polyethylenimine (PEI) and Nalco 7111 cationic polymer (Nalco) were found to adsorb a greater percentage of enteroviruses and indigenous bacteriophages from water than untreated filters (Preston etal. 1988). However, no single polymer treated filter was capable of adsorbing poliovirus type 1 from buffer pH 5, 7, and 9. When PEI and Nalco 7111 cationic polymer treated filters were combined as a series of different filters or on the same filter, Poliovirus-1 was subsequently removed from buffer at pH 5, 7, and 9. Filterite filters modified with a combination of PEI and Nalco polymers were found to adsorb echovirus type 1, echovirus type 5, coxsackievirus type B5, and poliovirus type 1 from tap water at least as well as Virasorb 1-MDS microporous filters.

scholarly journals Natural Enterovirus and Fecal Coliform Contamination of Gulf Coast Oysters

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. ELLENDER ◽  
J. B. MAPP ◽  
B. L. MIDDLEBROOKS ◽  
D. W. COOK ◽  
E. W. CAKE
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Shellfish Sanitation ◽  
Echovirus Type ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Viral Isolates

The numbers of fecal coliforms and enteroviruses present in oysters and/or their growing waters of two Mississippi reefs were determined over a 12-month period. Bacterial and viral levels reflected the classification of the waters at each location as set by the Mississippi State Board of Health in compliance with the National Shellfish Sanitation Program, but statistically significant correlations between these levels were not observed. Twelve viral isolates were found at an approved oyster harvesting location, eight of which were identified as poliovirus type 1. At the prohibited site, 146 viruses were isolated including poliovirus types 1 and 2, echovirus type 24 and several isolates which remain to be identified. The number of virus isolates from samples from each location represented approximately 35% of the number of plaques observed; however, no consistent ratio of plaque to confirmed virus was demonstrated. The results suggest that the fecal coliform levels in oyster growing waters do not reflect the level of virus contaminaton in either approved or prohibited waters.

scholarly journals Genetic and Biochemical Studies of Polioviruscis-Acting Replication Element cre in Relation to VPg Uridylylation

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (22) ◽  
pp. 10371-10380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Rieder ◽  
Aniko V. Paul ◽  
Dong Wook Kim ◽  
Jacques H. van Boom ◽  
Eckard Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Genome Replication ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Type Sequence

ABSTRACT In addition to highly conserved stem-loop structures located in the 5′- and 3′-nontranslated regions, genome replication of picornaviruses requires cis-acting RNA elements located in the coding region (termed cre) (K. L. McKnight and S. M. Lemon, J. Virol. 70:1941–1952, 1996; P. E. Lobert, N. Escriou, J. Ruelle, and T. Michiels, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:11560–11565, 1999; I. Goodfellow, Y. Chaudhry, A. Richardson, J. Meredith, J. W. Almond, W. Barclay, and D. J. Evans, J. Virol. 74:4590–4600, 2000). cre elements appear to be essential for minus-strand RNA synthesis by an as-yet-unknown mechanism. We have discovered that the cre element of poliovirus (mapping to the 2C coding region of poliovirus type 1; nucleotides 4444 to 4505 in 2C), which is homologous to thecre element of poliovirus type 3, is preferentially used as a template for the in vitro uridylylation of VPg catalyzed by 3Dpol in a reaction that is greatly stimulated by 3CDpro (A. V. Paul, E. Rieder, D. W. Kim, J. H. van Boom, and E. Wimmer, J. Virol. 74:10359–10370, 2000). Here we report a direct correlation between mutations that eliminate, or severely reduce, the in vitro VPg-uridylylation reaction and produce replication phenotypes in vivo. None of the genetic changes significantly influenced translation or polyprotein processing. A substitution mapping to the first A (A4472C) of a conservedAAACA sequence in the loop of PV-cre(2C) eliminated the ability of the cre RNA to serve as template for VPg uridylylation and abolished RNA infectivity. Mutagenesis of the second A (A4473C; AAACA) severely reduced the yield of VPgpUpU and RNA infectivity was restored only after reversion to the wild-type sequence. The effect of substitution of the third A (A4474G; AAACA) was less severe but reduced both VPg uridylylation and virus yield. Disruption of base pairing within the upper stem region of PV-cre(2C) also affected uridylylation of VPg. Virus derived from transcripts containing mutations in the stem was either viable or quasi-infectious.

Chemische Analyse und Struktur des Poliovirus. I. Cystein/Cystin Gehalt, vollständige Aminosäureanalyse und Hydrophobizität von Poliovirus und seinen natürlichen leeren Kapsiden / Chemical Analysis and Structure of Poliovirus. I. Cysteine/Cystine Content, Complete Amino Acid Analysis and Hydrophobicity of Poliovirus and Its Naturally Occurring Empty Capsids

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 164-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Heukeshoven ◽  
Rudolf Demick
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Analysis ◽  
Sulfhydryl Groups ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Nitrobenzoic Acid ◽  
Chemische Analyse ◽  
Tryptophan Residues ◽  
Tryptophan Content ◽  
Type 3

Abstract The cysteine content of poliovirus particles and naturally occuring empty capsids was determined by two methods: (1) reaction with vinylpyridine and subsequent amino acid analyses and (2) treatment with 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and measurement in the change of absorption. Both methods were performed under dissociating conditions in order to expose all sulfhydryl groups. Poliovirus, type 1, strain Mahoney, contains 10-11 cysteine/cystine residues per protomer, irrespective of the use of virus particles or empty capsids. Poliovirus, type 3, strain Saukett, contains 12-13 cysteine/cystine residues per protomer. Poliovirus particles are completely free of disulfide bridges, whereas empty capsids contain 2-4 cystine residues/protomer. No sulfhydryl groups are present on the surface of the virus particle, because of lack of reaction with DTNB. The tryptophan content was determined to be 13 ± 1 residues/protomer. By amino acid analysis under controlled hydrolyzing conditions 12 residues/protomer were found, whereas formylation in hydrochloric acid/formic acid revealed 14 residues/protomer; 13 tryptophan residues were calculated from the tyrosine-tryptophan relation and the optical density at 293.5 nm and 280 nm. The following parameters of poliovirus particles were calculated from the improved and complete amino acid analysis and the cysteine and tryptophan content: 1. The molecular weight of a protomer to be 92 700 ± 900 Dalton and of the poliovirus particle, type 1, strain Mahoney, to be 7.97 × 106 Dalton. 2. The relative hydrophobicity of the poliovirus polypeptide to be 1.18. 3. The extinction coefficients of poliovirus E1%260 = 7 4 and of empty capsids E1%280 = 16.2 ± 0.2.

scholarly journals Wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation, and implications for polio eradication

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. LOPALCO
Keyword(s):  
Wild Strain ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Schedule ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Type 3

SUMMARYPolio cases due to wild virus are reported by only three countries in the world. Poliovirus type 2 has been globally eradicated and the last detection of poliovirus type 3 dates to November 2012. Poliovirus type 1 remains the only circulating wild strain; between January and September 2016 it caused 26 cases (nine in Afghanistan, 14 in Pakistan, three in Nigeria). The use of oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the key to success in the eradication effort. However, paradoxically, moving towards global polio eradication, the burden caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) becomes increasingly important. In this paper circulation of both wild virus and VDPVs is reviewed and implications for the polio eradication endgame are discussed. Between April and May 2016 OPV2 cessation has been implemented globally, in a coordinated switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV. In order to decrease the risk for cVDPV2 re-emergence inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has been introduced in the routine vaccine schedule of all countries. The likelihood of re-emergence of cVDPVs should markedly decrease with time after OPV cessation, but silent circulation of polioviruses cannot be ruled out even a long time after cessation. For this reason, immunity levels against polioviruses should be kept as high as possible in the population by the use of IPV, and both clinical and environmental surveillance should be maintained at a high level.

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