Fungistatic properties of soils exposed to different antecedent environments

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Mirron Willis ◽  
Lansing E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Fungistatic Activity ◽  
Soil Fungistasis ◽  
Saran Wrap ◽  
Ring Method ◽  
Soil Evidence ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

A Toledo silty clay soil with different cropping histories was tested for fungistatic activity by an agar-ring method using Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker as the assay organism. Although all soils exhibited considerable fungistatic activity, the magnitude varied only slightly with their cropping histories. Fungistatic activity of soil cropped to alfalfa was somewhat higher than that of soil obtained from rotation plots with oats or soybeans as the last crop. Attempts were made to extract fungistatic material from soil using water, ethanol, or ether. Although the fungistatic properties of the extracts were lost when sterilized by steam or filtration, nonsterilized extracts were inhibitory to the test fungus.Nutrient studies revealed that fungistasis was suppressed when sucrose, peptone, or yeast extract was added to the soil. Evidence was obtained that soil toxin penetrated Millipore filters and cellophane when they were used as substrates in bioassay of soil fungistasis. Fritted glass, clay filters, Saran wrap, and parchment paper were unsuitable for detecting fungistasis since they were inhibitory to the assay fungus. Evidence in support of the theory that food material added to or along with the test conidia increased soil fungistasis was not demonstrated. Conversely, our findings suggest that soil fungistasis is a natural phenomenon, which is characteristic of certain soils.

scholarly journals Conventional and Conservation Seedbed Preparation Systems for Wheat Planting in Silty-Clay Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6506
Author(s):  
Roberto Fanigliulo ◽  
Daniele Pochi ◽  
Pieranna Servadio
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Conventional seedbed preparation is based on deep ploughing followed by lighter and finer secondary tillage of the superficial layer, normally performed by machines powered by the tractor’s Power Take-Off (PTO), which prepares the seedbed in a single pass. Conservation methods are based on a wide range of interventions, such as minimum or no-tillage, by means of machines with passive action working tools which require two or more passes The aim of this study was to assess both the power-energy requirements of conventional (power harrows and rotary tillers with different working width) and conservation implements (disks harrow and combined cultivator) and the soil tillage quality parameters, with reference to the capability of preparing an optimal seedbed for wheat planting. Field tests were carried out on flat, silty-clay soil, using instrumented tractors. The test results showed significant differences among the operative performances of the two typologies of machines powered by the tractor’s PTO: the fuel consumption, the power and the energy requirements of the rotary tillers are strongly higher than power harrows. However, the results also showed a decrease of these parameters proceeding from conventional to more conservation tillage implements. The better quality of seedbed was provided by the rotary tillers.

scholarly journals Soil Texture Alters the Impact of Salinity on Carbon Mineralization

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Ruihuan She ◽  
Yongxiang Yu ◽  
Chaorong Ge ◽  
Huaiying Yao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Soil salinization typically inhibits the ability of decomposer organisms to utilize soil organic matter, and an increase in soil clay content can mediate the negative effect of salinity on carbon (C) mineralization. However, the interactive effects of soil salt concentrations and properties on C mineralization remain uncertain. In this study, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of soil salt content (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.0%) and texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silty clay soil with 6.0%, 23.9% and 40.6% clay content, respectively) on C mineralization and microbial community composition after cotton straw addition. With increasing soil salinity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the three soils decreased, but the effect of soil salinity on the decomposition of soil organic carbon varied with soil texture. Cumulative CO2 emissions in the coarse-textured (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) soils were more affected by salinity than those in the fine-textured (silty clay) soil. This difference was probably due to the differing responses of labile and resistant organic compounds to salinity across different soil texture. Increased salinity decreased the decomposition of the stable C pool in the coarse-textured soil, by reducing the proportion of fungi to bacteria, whereas it decreased the mineralization of the active C pool in the fine-textured soil through decreasing the Gram-positive bacterial population. Overall, our results suggest that soil texture controlled the negative effect of salinity on C mineralization through regulating the soil microbial community composition.

scholarly journals Gross Ammonification and Nitrification Rates in Soil Amended with Natural and NH4-Enriched Chabazite Zeolite and Nitrification Inhibitor DMPP

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2605
Author(s):  
Giacomo Ferretti ◽  
Giulio Galamini ◽  
Evi Deltedesco ◽  
Markus Gorfer ◽  
Jennifer Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Losses ◽  
15N Pool Dilution ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Silty Clay Soil ◽  
N Use ◽  
15N Pool Dilution Technique

Using zeolite-rich tuffs for improving soil properties and crop N-use efficiency is becoming popular. However, the mechanistic understanding of their influence on soil N-processes is still poor. This paper aims to shed new light on how natural and NH4+-enriched chabazite zeolites alter short-term N-ammonification and nitrification rates with and without the use of nitrification inhibitor (DMPP). We employed the 15N pool dilution technique to determine short-term gross rates of ammonification and nitrification in a silty-clay soil amended with two typologies of chabazite-rich tuff: (1) at natural state and (2) enriched with NH4+-N from an animal slurry. Archaeal and bacterial amoA, nirS and nosZ genes, N2O-N and CO2-C emissions were also evaluated. The results showed modest short-term effects of chabazite at natural state only on nitrate production rates, which was slightly delayed compared to the unamended soil. On the other hand, the addition of NH4+-enriched chabazite stimulated NH4+-N production, N2O-N emissions, but reduced NO3−-N production and abundance of nirS-nosZ genes. DMPP efficiency in reducing nitrification rates was dependent on N addition but not affected by the two typologies of zeolites tested. The outcomes of this study indicated the good compatibility of both natural and NH4+-enriched chabazite zeolite with DMPP. In particular, the application of NH4+-enriched zeolites with DMPP is recommended to mitigate short-term N losses.

scholarly journals Determining Trafficked Areas Using Soil Electrical Conductivity – A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jana Galambošová ◽  
Miroslav Macák ◽  
Vladimír Rataj ◽  
Marek Barát ◽  
Paula Misiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Proximal Sensing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Silty Clay Soil ◽  
Block Experiment

AbstractIncrease in machinery size and its random traffic at fields cause soil compaction resulting in damage of soil structure and degradation of soil functions. Nowadays, rapid methods to detect soil compaction at fields are of high interest, especially proximal sensing methods such as electrical conductivity measurements. The aim of this work was to investigate whether electromagnetic induction (EMI) could be used to determine trafficked areas in silty clay soil. Results of randomized block experiment showed a high significant difference (p <0.01) in EMI data measured between compacted and non-compacted areas. EMI readings from compacted areas were, on average, 11% (shallow range) and 9% (deep range) higher than non-compacted areas, respectively. This difference was determined in both shallow and deep measuring ranges, indicating that the difference in soil compaction was detected in both topsoil and subsoil. Furthermore, the data was found to have a significant spatial variability, suggesting that, in order to detect the increase in EMI (which shows the increase in soil compaction), data within close surrounding area should be included in the analyses. Correlation coefficient of EMI and penetration resistance (average moisture content 32.5% and 30.8% for topsoil and subsoil) was found to be 0.66.

scholarly journals Analysis of 2,4-D Concentration in Silty Clay Soil Under Two Irrigation Regimes Using LEACHP and PRZM-3 Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Noshadi ◽  
S. Jamshidi ◽  
F. Foroharfar ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Contaminant migration in engineered clay barriers due to heat and moisture redistribution under freezing conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel M.O. Mohamed ◽  
Raymond N. Yong ◽  
Miroslawa T. Mazus
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Freezing Time ◽  
Contaminant Migration ◽  
Unfrozen Water Content ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

In this study, the effect of temperature distribution and its influence on contaminant migration in a silty clay soil were examined. Three series of freezing-column tests were performed with three different fluids: distilled water, municipal waste leachate, and heavy metal – leachate solution. It was found that temperature distribution as a function of space and time was similar in all tests, most likely as a result of the limited amount of fluid intake. Moisture redistributions were varied as a function of experiment duration and the type of fluid used. The amount of fluid intake was directly related to the freezing time and the temperature gradient in the freezing column. The amount of unfrozen water content, ion concentration and temperature gradient were the controlling parameters that contributed to the contaminant transport in the frozen illitic silty clay soil. Na+-concentration profiles were mostly dependent on water movement in the soil column. The behaviour of Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations was similar to Na+; their concentrations in the soil solution decreased with freezing time due to ion exchange. The large accumulations of Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ in the lower 10 mm of the soil column occurred as a result of cation exchange and precipitation mechanisms. Key words : unsaturated, osmotic, diffusion, buffer, exchange, transport.

scholarly journals Sunflower response to Boron supply when grown in a silty clay soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Dhassi Khalid ◽  
Drissi Saad ◽  
Makroum Kacem ◽  
Nasreddine Fatima Ezzahra ◽  
Amlal Fouad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Soil conditioners effects on hydraulic properties, leaching processes and denitrification on a silty-clay soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 733 ◽  
pp. 139342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolò Colombani ◽  
Maria Pia Gervasio ◽  
Giuseppe Castaldelli ◽  
Micòl Mastrocicco
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Protecting Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Fluometuron Injury with Seed Protectants

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy R. Corbin ◽  
Robert E. Frans
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to evaluate the potential of growth regulators mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride as seed treatments to protect cotton from fluometuron injury. Fluometuron at two and three times the recommended use rate reduced cotton stand and height on Taloka and Convent silt loam soils both years. Cotton grown on a Sharkey silty clay soil was not injured by fluometuron. Mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride increased cotton stands on a Taloka silt loam soil when averaged over rates and years. In general, fluometuron injury to cotton was not reduced by treating seed with 1000 ppmw concentrations of chlormequat chloride or mepiquat chloride. Chlormequat chloride reduced chlorosis and necrosis of cotton treated with fluometuron, but neither growth regulator eliminated cotton injury or yield reduction caused by fluometuron at two or three times the recommended rates.

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