Preparation and properties of diphtheria toxoids in submerged culture. II. Purification, detoxification, antigenicity, and stability

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Stainer
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
High Potency ◽  
High Degree

Cornyebacterium diphtheriae was grown in submerged culture using a new semisynthetic medium, and high-potency diphtheria toxins were produced. These toxins were purified before detoxification by formalin–lysine mixtures. The resultant toxoids possessed a high degree of purity (Lf/mg non-dialyzable nitrogen), gave good antigenic responses in animals, and showed no tendency to revert to toxin. Toxins which had been detoxified with formalin alone before purification, however, showed marked reversion when diluted and stored at 25 or 34 °C. When tested in guinea pigs the lysine-treated toxoids were shown to possess good immunizing capacity, and no significant decreases in the antigenic potencies were observed in samples stored for prolonged periods of time at elevated temperatures.

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF DIPHTHERIA TOXOIDS IN SUBMERGED CULTURE: I. PRESENCE OF BOVINE ANTIGENS

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 963-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Stainer
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae ◽  
Challenge Dose ◽  
Aluminium Phosphate ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Deep Culture ◽  
Freund’S Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant

Papain digest of beef broth (P.D.B. broth) was used to grow Corynebacterium diphtheriae in submerged culture, and high potency diphtheria toxins were produced. It was found that the resultant toxoids could sensitize animals to beef proteins. Guinea pigs immunized with deep culture toxoid in complete Freund's adjuvant exhibited anaphylaxis when challenged with beef serum. When aluminium phosphate and Bordetella pertussis were used as adjuvant or when the toxoid was given alone (i.e. without adjuvant) the responses to beef serum were reduced but the sensitivity to beef was still observed. Deep culture toxoids from three other manufacturers were tested and showed similar properties. When concentrated P.D.B. broth was used as a challenge dose, anaphylactic reactions were also noted, indicating that P.D.B. broth, as usually prepared, contained bovine antigens.

IN-102

Alloy Digest ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Iron Alloy ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Ductility ◽  
International Nickel Company ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
High Degree

Abstract IN-102 is a nickel-chromium-iron alloy designed for long service at temperatures up to 1300 F. It combines high strength and high ductility at the elevated temperatures with a high degree of structural stability. It is used for aerospace, power and steam turbine components. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on low and high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Ni-147. Producer or source: International Nickel Company Inc..

PEERLESS LCT2

Alloy Digest ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Heat ◽  
High Heat Resistance ◽  
Steel Company ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Crucible Steel ◽  
High Degree

Abstract PEERLESS LCT2 is a hot work steel which possesses high heat resistance and a high degree of working hardness at elevated temperatures. This steel is best applied where hardness and resistance to abrasion are of more importance than toughness. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: TS-140. Producer or source: Crucible Steel Company of America.

scholarly journals THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Mackenzie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Immunity Mechanism ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Derivatives Of

1. Intraperitoneal injections of killed and living broth cultures of a virulent pneumococcus produce in guinea pigs a high degree of active immunity and a serum with strong protective power. 2. Despite the protective power of such serum no agglutinins for the homologous organism and no precipitins for soluble derivatives were demonstrable. 3. Guinea pig immunity to pneumococcus infection produced by the method described is not attended by cutaneous allergy to derivatives of the pneumococcus used for immunization. 4. During the course of an artificially produced active immunity, anaphylaxis may at times be present and at times absent without any measurable effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection by intraperitoneal injection. 5. In the particular instance studied, the experiments indicate that anaphylaxis to pneumococcus protein has no important effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection. It appears to be a concomitant without any significant rôle in the immunity mechanism.

THERMOLD H22

Alloy Digest ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Heat ◽  
High Heat Resistance ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
High Degree

Abstract THERMOLD H22 is a tungsten-type hot work steel possessing high heat resistance and a high degree of working hardness at elevated temperatures. It is recommended where hardness and abrasion resistance are more important than toughness. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: TS-170. Producer or source: Cyclops Corporation.

AISI TYPE H26

Alloy Digest ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tool Steel ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Liquid Cooling ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Aisi Type ◽  
Red Hardness ◽  
High Degree

Abstract AISI Type H26 hot-work tool steel is the 18 tungsten-4 chromium-1 vanadium high-speed composition with lowered carbon to provide a high-degree of toughness. It has high red hardness and good resistance to abrasion. It is preferable to the conventional hot-work tool steels for applications in which higher hardness must be maintained at elevated temperatures. It is also recommended in cold-work that involve long runs, but should not be used where liquid cooling is required. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, and elasticity as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: TS-294. Producer or source: Tool steel mills.

SEPARATION OF BOVINE SENSITIZING MATERIAL FROM PAPAIN DIGEST OF BEEF BROTH

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1001-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Stainer
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Aluminium Hydroxide ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant ◽  
Anaphylactic Response

Papain digest of beef broth (P.D.B. broth), which is routinely used to grow Corynebacterium diphtheriae in submerged culture, was examined for its ability to elicit sensitivity reactions to beef serum in guinea pigs and to induce shock. When ammonium sulfate was added to P.D.B. broth to 45% (w/v) a precipitate was obtained which, when redissolved and combined with Freund's adjuvant, sensitized guinea pigs so that challenge with beef serum produced severe anaphylactic reactions. If aluminium hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis were used as adjuvant, the method of preparation of the broth was shown to have an effect on the anaphylactic response obtained.Sephadex gel filtration of the ammonium sulfate-precipitable material gave an included and excluded ultraviolet-absorbing peak at 278 mμ, and all of the sensitizing properties were shown to reside in the excluded fraction. The amount of sensitizing material could be greatly reduced by either ultrafiltration or by adsorption of the broth with Al(OH)3 gel. These treated media still supported good toxin production.

scholarly journals Immunity of Guinea-Pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring

1911 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Sudmersen ◽  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Constitutional Disturbance ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
High Degree

(1) The young of parents both of which have been injected with an immunising mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin, show immunity of the same order as that of young from similarly treated mothers and normal fathers.(2) The injection of certain foreign substances into a female guinea-pig appears to have a direct effect on the offspring in diminishing their resistance to diphtheria toxin, shown equally well by the young of mothers injected, (a) before the attainment of sexual maturity, (b) during pregnancy, and (c) after birth during the period of lactation.(3) A single injection of diphtheria toxin may give rise to a condition of active immunity (as tested by the resistance of the young) in guinea-pigs possessing hereditarily transmitted passive immunity. Should this injection of toxin give rise to great constitutional disturbance, the young may show lowered resistance, whereas, if it give rise to but slight constitutional disturbance, the young show a high degree of immunity. These effects appear to be accentuated if similar injections are repeated in the next generation.

scholarly journals ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

1936 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herald R. Cox ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
High Degree

From a study by quantitative methods, the conclusion is reached that a resistance of high degree may be induced in guinea pigs and mice against experimental equine encephalomyelitis by means of formolized vaccines in which no active virus can be demonstrated. The induced resistance is not due to residual traces of active virus which might possibly have escaped detection in the formolized tissue preparations.

ADSORPTION OF Cs ON Si(111)-(7 × 7) SURFACES: SITE PREFERENCE AND THE NEAR-METALLIC STATE OF Cs

2001 ◽  
Vol 08 (06) ◽  
pp. 633-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. PAPAGEORGOPOULOS ◽  
M. KAMARATOS
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Atomic Radius ◽  
Metallic Surface ◽  
Site Preference ◽  
Metallic State ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Saturation Coverage ◽  
Surface Saturation ◽  
High Degree

This study involves the adsorption of Cs on Si (111)-(7 × 7) surfaces at room and elevated temperatures, with increasing coverage of Cs to saturation, in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The techniques of low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and work function (WF) measurements were utilized. A WF change at the minimum, found to be Δϕ=-3.2 eV at an approximate 0.23 ML Cs coverage, corresponds to half the saturation coverage. We propose that, at that coverage, the adatom dangling bonds of the Si (111)-(7 × 7) substrate are completely filled. At saturation coverage (0.47 ML), Cs forms a single saturation layer in a near-metallic surface state, where the atomic radius of the Cs adatoms is likely to be 2.2× 10-8 cm. The surface exhibits a high degree of disorder with 0.47 ML of adsorbed Cs, and it is likely that the adsorbate remains in cluster-like domains within the center of the disordered 7×7 unit cells, instead of evenly covering the Si surface. Saturation coverage of Cs on Si (111)-(7 × 7) surfaces exhibits a WF value 0.5 eV less than that of pure metallic Cs. Cesium adatoms form a stronger bond to the Si (111)-(7 × 7) surface than to Ni(100), with a calculated energy of 1.64 eV/atom. The induced surface disorder and strong binding energy are evidence of the strong Cs–Si interaction, which most likely prevents the formation of a purely metallic Cs overlayer.

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