THE PREDOMINANT BACTERIA IN NATURAL ZOOGLOEAL COLONIES: II. PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Unz ◽  
Norman C. Dondero
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
Nutritional Compounds ◽  
Lower Temperature

Strains of Zoogloea were investigated regarding their physiological attributes. Growth occurred from 9 C to 37 C although some strains could not grow at the lower temperature. Optimum temperature and pH for growth initiation was estimated to be near 28 C and pH 7.0, respectively. Zoogloea cannot grow an-aerobically but may survive anaerobic conditions for at least 24 days. Strains were intolerant of NaCl above the region of physiological saline and tolerant to high levels of ammonium ion. A total of 65 strains were tested for growth on many nutritional compounds in a mineral salts medium supplemented with vitamin B12and a trace of yeast autolysate. As sole carbon sources, amygdalin, starch, inulin, and certain primary alcohols, saturated fatty acids, and Krebs intermediates supported the growth of most strains. Aspartic and glutamic acids and asparagin were available as sole carbon and nitrogen sources to most strains.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of propiconazole by Pseudomonas putida isolated from tea rhizosphere

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sarkar ◽  
S. Seenivasan ◽  
R. Premkumar
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Triazole Fungicide ◽  
Growth Promoting

Biodegradation of triazole fungicide propiconazole was carried out <I>in vitro</I> by selected <I>Pseudomonas</I> strains isolated from tea rhizosphere. A total number of twelve strains were isolated and further screened based on their tolerance level to propiconazole. Four best strains were selected and further tested for their nutritional requirements. Among the different carbon sources tested glucose exhibited the highest growth promoting capacity and among nitrogen sources ammonium nitrate supported the growth to the maximum. The four selected <I>Pseudomonas</I> strains exhibited a range of degradation capabilities. Mineral salts medium (MSM) amended with glucose provided better environment for degradation with the highest degradation potential in strain MPR 4 followed by MPR 12 (72.8% and 67.8%, respectively).

Nutritional and environmental factors affecting growth and sporulation of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Barnett ◽  
W. A. Ayers
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Casamino Acids ◽  
Nutritional Studies

Three of five isolates of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia spp., grew well on an agar medium containing mineral salts, glucose, thiamine, and glutamine or Casamino acids as the nitrogen source. The nitrogen requirement for two of the isolates was satisfied by NH4Cl, Casamino acids, or glutamine. Glutamine was the best single nitrogen source. Only one isolate, CS-1, was used in further nutritional studies. The optimum concentration of glutamine for growth was 5 g/L. Glucose, mannose, mannitol, and cellobiose were excellent carbon sources. A glucose concentration of 20 g/L was optimum. Mannitol supported greater growth than glucose with Casamino acids as the nitrogen source but glucose was the superior carbon source with glutamine as the nitrogen source. Greatest growth was achieved with a combination of these carbon and nitrogen sources. Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, isolate CS-1, required thiamine for growth and sporulation. Biotin stimulated growth. The fungus developed maximally within the range of pH 5.0–5.5 and growth was greatly reduced at a pH below 4.0 or above 6.0. Control of acidity by the periodic addition of NaOH solution permitted substantially increased growth. The optimum temperature for growth was 22.5–25.0 °C but production of macroconidia was greatest at 15–20 °C.

Role of Temperature and Flow in Biomass Transporting in Porous Media

2012 ◽  
Vol 178-181 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Jing Jing Huang ◽  
Cheng Yuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Seepage Flow ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Lower Temperature

Underground water source heat pumps system is an underground geothermal technology that extracts underground water as a lower temperature heat source, and recharged into the same aquifer after heat exchanger. During the recharging process, not only external microorganisms such as bacteria but also a variety of contaminants ( for example carbon sources, nitrogen sources, the growth inhibitors/promoters and so on) would get into the aquifer to affect the aquifer's living environment for microbial, which would affect the quality of underground water directly or indirectly. Not only that, the extraction and injection of underground hot water would cause the redistribution of temperature, which would then affect the growth of microorganisms as a key affecter. And the biomass would be transported by seepage flow in way of advection and conduction mainly. Based on the background of underground water source heat pumps system, the coupling of three-field (temperature-hydraulic-microbial) is analyzed, and a corresponding coupled THB model is obtained. Taking Escherichia coli as target organisms in the aquifer, the distribution of biomass various with time and space are obtained respectively. The temperature and advection sensitivity of microbial concentration is also acquired. It is showed that the growth of microbial plays a great role in the process of its transportation, and the concentration of microbial would increase significantly when the local temperature increased or the convection strength decreased while other effects stay the same.

scholarly journals Removal of chromium by Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1

Biologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alekhya Iyengar ◽  
Malavalli Subbaiah Usha
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Chromium Release ◽  
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus ◽  
Maximum Tolerance

The present study was taken up to carry out the removal of chromium by bacteria. Chromium is a heavy metal which is of concern as it causes chromium toxicity in both plants and animals. The tanneries are a major source of chromium release into the water bodies, and hence this study is aimed at identifying the potential chromium-tolerant bacterium and at studying the bacterium for its maximum tolerance and chromium removal capacity. A total of 20 samples each of soil and industrial effluents were collected from the Peenya industrial area, Bangalore, India. The bacterial isolates were screened for chromium resistance by supplementing the nutrient media with 300 µg/ml of chromium. The  growth of the  bacteria was measured in terms of O.D. at 670 nm. The isolates were further screened by increasing the concentration of chromium from 300 to 3000 µg/ml. The isolate S105c which showed better resistance to chromium compared to other isolates was identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1 based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources was carried out for the removal of chromium by S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1.  Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis was carried out for the removal of chromium by S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1 in the mineral salts medium supplemented with 300 µg/ml of chromium. Out of 40 soil and industrial effluent samples collected, a total of 51 isolates were obtained. Out of 51 isolates, 7 isolates gave the highest O.D. values in the presence of 300 µg/ml of chromium. The isolate S10-5c showed maximum tolerance up to 3000 µg/ml of chromium. S.  saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1 was able to remove 2% of chromium in the medium at the end of 24 hours under optimized conditions. It can be concluded that the organism Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1 can be used for the removal of chromium from industrial effluents.

Evaluation of the growth and sporulation of different entomopathogenic fungi in different liquid and solid media at varied concentrations

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 5459
Author(s):  
Chandra Teja K. ◽  
Rahman S. J.
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Virulent Strains

Entomopathogenic fungi like Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Lecanicillium lecanii are used in biological control of agricultural insect pests. Their specific mode of action makes them an effective alternative to the chemical Insecticides. Virulent strains of Entomopathogenic fungi are effectively formulated and used as bio-insecticides world-wide. Amenable and economical multiplication of a virulent strain in a large scale is important for them to be useful in the field. Culture media plays a major role in the large-scale multiplication of virulent strains of Entomopathogens. Different substrates and media components are being used for this purpose. Yet, each strain differs in its nutritional requirements for the maximum growth and hence it is necessary to standardize the right components and their optimum concentrations in the culture media for a given strain of Entomopathogen. In the current study, three different nitrogen sources and two different carbon sources were tried to standardize the mass multiplication media for seven test isolates of Entomopathogenic fungi. A study was also conducted to determine the ideal grain media for the optimum conidial yields of the test isolates. Yeast extract was found to be the best Nitrogen source for the isolates. The isolates tested, differed in their nutritional requirements and showed variation in the best nitrogen and carbon sources necessary for their growth. Variation was also found in the optimum concentration of both the ingredients for the growth and sporulation of the isolates. In the solid-state fermentation study, rice was found to be the best grain for the growth of most of the fungi followed by barley. The significance of such a study in the development of an effective Myco-insecticide is vital and can be successfully employed in agriculture is discussed.

scholarly journals Studies on the Role of the are a Gene in the Regulation of Nitrogen Catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Specific Activities

Mutants of Apergillus nidulanswith lesions in a gene, areA (formerly called amdT), have been isolated by a variety of different selection methods. The areA mutants show a range of pleiotropic growth responses to a number of compounds as sole nitrogen sources, but are normal in utilization of carbon sources. The levels of two amidase enzymes as well as urease have been investigated in the mutants and have been shown to be affected by this gene. Most of the areA mutants have much lower amidase-specific activities when grown in ammonium-containing medium, compared with mycelium incubated in medium la9king a nitrogen source. Some of the areA. mutants do not show derepression of urease upon relief of ammonium repression. The dominance relationships of areA alleles have been investigated in� heterozygous diploids, and these studies lend support to the proposal that areA codes for a positively acting regulatory product. One of the new areA alleles is partially dominant to areA + and areA102. This may be a result of negative complementation or indicate that areA has an additional negative reiuIatory function. Investigation.of various amdR; areA double mutants has led to the conclusion that amdR and areA participate in independent regulatory circuits in the control of acetamide utilizatiol1. Studies on an amdRc; areA.double mutant indicate that areA is involved in derepression of acetamidase upon relief of ammo.nium repression.

scholarly journals Identification of Listeria monocytogenes Genes Contributing to Intracellular Replication by Expression Profiling and Mutant Screening

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 556-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biju Joseph ◽  
Karin Przybilla ◽  
Claudia Stühler ◽  
Kristina Schauer ◽  
Jörg Slaghuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Intracellular Growth ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine

ABSTRACT A successful transition of Listeria monocytogenes from the extracellular to the intracellular environment requires a precise adaptation response to conditions encountered in the host milieu. Although many key steps in the intracellular lifestyle of this gram-positive pathogen are well characterized, our knowledge about the factors required for cytosolic proliferation is still rather limited. We used DNA microarray and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analyses to investigate the transcriptional profile of intracellular L. monocytogenes following epithelial cell infection. Approximately 19% of the genes were differentially expressed by at least 1.6-fold relative to their level of transcription when grown in brain heart infusion medium, including genes encoding transporter proteins essential for the uptake of carbon and nitrogen sources, factors involved in anabolic pathways, stress proteins, transcriptional regulators, and proteins of unknown function. To validate the biological relevance of the intracellular gene expression profile, a random mutant library of L. monocytogenes was constructed by insertion-duplication mutagenesis and screened for intracellular-growth-deficient strains. By interfacing the results of both approaches, we provide evidence that L. monocytogenes can use alternative carbon sources like phosphorylated glucose and glycerol and nitrogen sources like ethanolamine during replication in epithelial cells and that the pentose phosphate cycle, but not glycolysis, is the predominant pathway of sugar metabolism in the host environment. Additionally, we show that the synthesis of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine, as well as a species-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system, play a major role in the intracellular growth of L. monocytogenes.

scholarly journals Synthesis of fatty acids in the perfused mouse liver

1974 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Michael W. Salmon ◽  
Neil L. Bowen ◽  
Douglas A. Hems
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Glucose Carbon

1. Fatty acid synthesis de novo was measured in the perfused liver of fed mice. 2. The total rate, measured by the incorporation into fatty acid of3H from3H2O (1–7μmol of fatty acid/h per g of fresh liver), resembled the rate found in the liver of intact mice. 3. Perfusions with l-[U-14C]lactic acid and [U-14C]glucose showed that circulating glucose at concentrations less than about 17mm was not a major carbon source for newly synthesized fatty acid, whereas lactate (10mm) markedly stimulated fatty acid synthesis, and contributed extensive carbon to lipogenesis. 4. The identification of 50% of the carbon converted into newly synthesized fatty acid lends further credibility to the use of3H2O to measure hepatic fatty acid synthesis. 5. The total rate of fatty acid synthesis, and the contribution of glucose carbon to lipogenesis, were directly proportional to the initial hepatic glycogen concentration. 6. The proportion of total newly synthesized lipid that was released into the perfusion medium was 12–16%. 7. The major products of lipogenesis were saturated fatty acids in triglyceride and phospholipid. 8. The rate of cholesterol synthesis, also measured with3H2O, expressed as acetyl residues consumed, was about one-fourth of the basal rate of fatty acid synthesis. 9. These results are discussed in terms of the carbon sources of hepatic newly synthesized fatty acids, and the effect of glucose, glycogen and lactate in stimulating lipogenesis, independently of their role as precursors.

scholarly journals Factorial Design to Optimize Biosurfactant Production byYarrowia lipolytica

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizele Cardoso Fontes ◽  
Priscilla Filomena Fonseca Amaral ◽  
Marcio Nele ◽  
Maria Alice Zarur Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Biosurfactant Production ◽  
Standard Process ◽  
Emulsification Index ◽  
Full Factorial

In order to improve biosurfactant production byYarrowia lipolyticaIMUFRJ 50682, a factorial design was carried out. A24full factorial design was used to investigate the effects of nitrogen sources (urea, ammonium sulfate, yeast extract, and peptone) on maximum variation of surface tension (ΔST) and emulsification index (EI). The best results (67.7% of EI and 20.9 mNm−1ofΔST) were obtained in a medium composed of 10 g 1−1of ammonium sulfate and 0.5 g 1−1of yeast extract. Then, the effects of carbon sources (glycerol, hexadecane, olive oil, and glucose) were evaluated. The most favorable medium for biosurfactant production was composed of both glucose (4% w/v) and glycerol (2% w/v), which provided an EI of 81.3% and aΔST of 19.5 mN m−1. The experimental design optimization enhancedΔEI by 110.7% andΔST by 108.1% in relation to the standard process.

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