TAXONOMY OF ENTEROCOCCI BY COMPUTER ANALYSIS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Raj ◽  
R. R. Colwell
Keyword(s):  
Computer Analysis ◽  
Numerical Taxonomy ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Homogeneous Cluster ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Electronic Computers ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Formal Recognition

A total of 48 pure cultures of Streptococcus (including 12 ATCC strains) belonging to the fecal, pyogenic, and viridans groups was studied in an effort to derive a numerical taxonomy of the enterococci based on Adansonian principles. Each of these cultures was subjected to a variety of tests. The data so obtained was encoded and analyzed by electronic computers, ft showed two major taxonomic groups: a large homogeneous cluster of all enterococcal strains tested and a discrete cluster of streptococci belonging to the pyogenic and viridans groups, showing the least cross relationships with all of the enterococcal strains including S. bovis. The large enterococcus group comprised S. faecalis, unclassified enterococci, S. bovis, S. durans, and S. faecium within the major group. The S. faecalis cluster of strains showed three discernible subgroupings of S. faecalis (typical), var. liquefaciens, and var. zymogenes. The "unclassified" types formed a rather homogeneous cluster which may warrant formal recognition as a separate species. S. bovis was most closely related to the unclassified species group. The results of analysis support the proposed determinative classification of enterococci (16).

Discovery of New Genera Challenges the Subtribal Classification of Tok-Tok Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Sepidiini)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia M Gearner ◽  
Marcin J Kamiński ◽  
Kojun Kanda ◽  
Kali Swichtenberg ◽  
Aaron D Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Darkling Beetles ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Inference Methods ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Abstract Sepidiini is a speciose tribe of desert-inhabiting darkling beetles, which contains a number of poorly defined taxonomic groups and is in need of revision at all taxonomic levels. In this study, two previously unrecognized lineages were discovered, based on morphological traits, among the extremely speciose genera Psammodes Kirby, 1819 (164 species and subspecies) and Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870 (144 species and subspecies), namely the Psammodes spinosus species-group and Ocnodes humeralis species-group. In order to test their phylogenetic placement, a phylogeny of the tribe was reconstructed based on analyses of DNA sequences from six nonoverlapping genetic loci (CAD, wg, COI JP, COI BC, COII, and 28S) using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. The aforementioned, morphologically defined, species-groups were recovered as distinct and well-supported lineages within Molurina + Phanerotomeina and are interpreted as independent genera, respectively, Tibiocnodes Gearner & Kamiński gen. nov. and Tuberocnodes Gearner & Kamiński gen. nov. A new species, Tuberocnodes synhimboides Gearner & Kamiński sp. nov., is also described. Furthermore, as the recovered phylogenetic placement of Tibiocnodes and Tuberocnodes undermines the monophyly of Molurina and Phanerotomeina, an analysis of the available diagnostic characters for those subtribes is also performed. As a consequence, Phanerotomeina is considered as a synonym of the newly redefined Molurina sens. nov. Finally, spectrograms of vibrations produced by substrate tapping of two Molurina species, Toktokkus vialis (Burchell, 1822) and T. synhimboides, are presented.

A study of the family Phytoseiidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) using the methods of numerical taxonomy

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1330-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Chant ◽  
R. I. C. Hansell ◽  
H. J. Rowell ◽  
E. Yoshida Shaul
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Taxonomy ◽  
Classical System ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
The Family ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

The taxonomic history of the family Phytoseiidae is briefly reviewed. The taxonomic structure of the family is analysed using the methods of numerical taxonomy, with 221 morphological characters in 93 species covering the major taxonomic groups that have been proposed within the family. Both weighted and unweighted character analyses are used. It is shown that definite gaps separate groups of species within this family. At the level of major hierarchical separations both the unweighted and weighted character analyses are similar. A classification based on these major hierarchical separations is proposed. It is demonstrated that neither the classical system, based mainly on dorsal chaetotaxy, nor the numerical system alone provides a completely acceptable classification of the family, but that numerical taxonomic analyses are useful as a tool in helping to determine the hierarchical organization of the group.

scholarly journals Molecular Divergence and Species Delimitation of the Cultivated Oyster Mushrooms: Integration of IGS1 and ITS

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhat Ahmadi Avin ◽  
Subha Bhassu ◽  
Yee Shin Tan ◽  
Pedram Shahbazi ◽  
Sabaratnam Vikineswary
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Sufficient Variation

Identification of edible mushrooms particularlyPleurotusgenus has been restricted due to various obstacles. The present study attempted to use the combination of two variable regions of IGS1 and ITS for classifying the economically cultivatedPleurotusspecies. Integration of the two regions proved a high ability that not only could clearly distinguish the species but also served sufficient intraspecies variation. Phylogenetic tree (IGS1 + ITS) showed seven distinct clades, each clade belonging to a separate species group. Moreover, the species differentiation was tested by AMOVA and the results were reconfirmed by presenting appropriate amounts of divergence (91.82% among and 8.18% within the species). In spite of achieving a proper classification of species by combination of IGS1 and ITS sequences, the phylogenetic tree showed the misclassification of the species ofP. nebrodensisandP. eryngiivar.ferulaewith other strains ofP. eryngii. However, the constructed median joining (MJ) network could not only differentiate between these species but also offer a profound perception of the species’ evolutionary process. Eventually, due to the sufficient variation among and within species, distinct sequences, simple amplification, and location between ideal conserved ribosomal genes, the integration of IGS1 and ITS sequences is recommended as a desirable DNA barcode.

An evaluation of the taxonomy of Propionibacterium

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1185-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Malik ◽  
G. W. Reinbold ◽  
E. R. Vedamuthu
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Numerical Taxonomy ◽  
Similar Group ◽  
Propionibacterium Shermanii

The object of this study was to reevaluate speciation of Propionibacterium by using numerical taxonomy. Fifty-six cultures representing eight species were studied. Thirty-eight morphological and physiological features were employed in the calculation of matching coefficients which were used to sort the cultures into groups. The results suggest a need for species consolidation; for example, Propionibacterium shermanii could appropriately become P. freudenreichii var. shermanii. Close resemblances were found between P. rubrum, P. peterssonii, and P. jensenii. Propionibacterium arabinosum and P. pentosaceum formed another mutually similar group. Further studies using additional cultural, physiological, serological, genetic, and phage host-range characteristics should be instituted to establish an improved classification of propionibacteria.

scholarly journals Baroness Charlotta Castelli Glembay – Was she hypersexual?

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Goran Arbanas
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Pattern Of Failure ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Sexual Drive ◽  
International Classification Of Disease ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Persistent Pattern ◽  
Formal Recognition

Hypersexuality disorder (or sexual addiction or excessive sexual drive or compulsive sexual behaviour disorder) is a controversial condition that is present in the International Classification of Disease but not in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. It is defined as a clinical syndrome characterised by a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour. The condition is more prevalent in men than in women. Some medical conditions were described in fictional literature before their formal recognition in medicine, like Huntington disease, Pickwick syndrome, and Munchausen syndrome. The aim of this article is to analyse the fictional character of Charlotta Castelli Glembay from Miroslav Krleža’s play Messrs Glembays from 1928. Krleža presented a woman with a sexual drive that could be described as uncontrollable, organic (physical) in origin, and different from love and affection (that she also experienced, but only with one particular man). The author gave a special name for her condition – erotic intelligence. This sexual behaviour has distressing and devastating consequences. This paper will argue that the play depicts hypersexuality disorder in a woman, with a designation of its aetiology. In concordance with the prevailing attitudes of the time (the early 20th century), hypersexuality in women had negative attributions.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Plasma Proteins from Twenty-Nine Species of Albatrosses And Petrels (Order Procellariiformes)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Peter C Harper
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Phylogenetic Conservatism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biochemical Research

<p>The plasma proteins of 29 species of albatrosses and petrels were electrophoretically separated in acrylamide gels to clarify relationships at the species-group to family-group levels. Little in the resulting data from 472 birds seriously contests the present classification of the Procellariiformes; much of the biochemical evidence supports, confirms, and clarifies the proposals of conventional taxonomic methodology. The biochemical data give fresh insights into the interrelationships of procellariiform taxa, and highlight intriguing new problems. Sex, season, age, and other sources of non-genetic protein variation are insignificant for taxonomic purposes. Proteins of comparable value include the transferrins, some α and β globulins, albumins, prealbumins, and non-specific esterases. Genetic variations in the mobility of these proteins are useful at the genus-group level and below. Other proteins are monomorphic at genus and family level, and three are monomorphic in both number and mobility throughout the Procellariiformes; these are useful reference points for calibrating samples on different gels. One conspicuous α protein is absent in the Hydrobatidae but present in all other families; the implications of this are discussed. Polymorphic proteins at the population or species level were not detected; this conspicuous phylogenetic conservatism is discussed with regard to its possible evolutionary significance. Following a summary of the protein data; three categories of, defined probability statements, based on the biochemical and other evidence, allow speculative comment on the evolutionary relationships and history of the taxa within the Procellariiformes. The value of further biochemical research into the marine birds is emphasised.</p>

Headache attributed to airplane travel

2020 ◽  
pp. 508-513
Author(s):  
Federico Mainardi ◽  
Giorgio Zanchin
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
First Time ◽  
Formal Recognition

Headache attributed to airplane travel, also named ‘airplane headache’ (AH) is a recently described clinical entity characterized by the sudden onset of a severe head pain, which appears exclusively in relation to airplane flights, mainly during the landing phase. Secondary causes, such as upper respiratory tract infections or acute sinusitis, must be ruled out. Although its pathophysiology is not completely understood, a causative role is attributed to an imbalance of the intrasinus pressure, consequent to a change of external air pressure not paralleled with an adequate compensation inside the cranial sinuses. In the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition (ICHD-2) AH is not mentioned. On the basis of an extended investigation, AH diagnostic criteria were proposed, which have been introduced for the first time in the recently published ICHD-3B version. Its formal recognition will favour further studies aimed at improving knowledge about AH and implementing preventative measures.

scholarly journals Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-369
Author(s):  
Adetoun O. Esan ◽  
Stephen O. Fapohunda ◽  
Chibundu N. Ezekiel ◽  
Michael Sulyok ◽  
Rudolf Krska
Keyword(s):  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Sesame Seeds ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Abstract In this study, melon (n = 60) and sesame (n = 60) seeds purchased from markets within Benue and Nasarawa states, respectively, in Nigeria, during two seasons (dry and wet), were analysed for fungal and mycotoxin contamination in order to determine the safety of these foods for human consumption. Molecular analysis revealed the following seven fungal taxonomic groups in the foods: Aspergillus section Candidi, Aspergillus section Flavi, Aspergillus section Nigri, Cladosporium, Fusarium fujikuroi species group, Penicillium, and Pleosporales/Didymellaceae. A total of 78 microbial metabolites, including several mycotoxins, occurred in the foods. The most frequent mycotoxins in melon and sesame were aflatoxin B1 (occurrence: 76%) and alternariol monomethyl ether (occurrence: 59%), respectively. However, higher mean total aflatoxin levels occurred in sesame (17 μg kg−1) than in melon (11 μg kg−1). About 28 and 5% of melon and sesame, respectively, exceeded the 4 μg kg−1 total aflatoxin limit for oilseeds intended for direct human consumption in the European Union. Additionally, fumonisin B1 and moniliformin occurred only in sesame, whilst ochratoxins A and B occurred only in melon; ochratoxin B being reported for the first time in this food. Our data indicated seasonal variations in the fungal and mycotoxin contamination levels in both foods.

Redescription of the milliped Myrmecodesmus mundus (Chamberlin) (Polydesmida: Pyrgodesmidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
ROWLAND M. SHELLEY
Keyword(s):  
Species Group ◽  
High Magnification ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Anterior Branch

Myrmecodesmus mundus (Chamberlin, 1943), a minute pygrodesmid milliped from Veracruz, Mexico, is redescribed with high magnification drawings of the gonopods of the type specimens. Significant differences appear to exist between the gonopods of the holotype and paratypes, and the latter may warrant recognition as a separate species. The basic gonopodal pattern is similar to that of an undescribed, small-bodied congener occurring some 800 mi (1,280 km) to the north in Texas, USA, and the species appear to be related. The general features of a species group of Myrmecodesmus may be beginning to emerge small-bodied forms with curvilinear telopodites, with or without elaborations, and divided prefemoral processes in which the caudal or anterior branch may be lost. The name Eirenyma Chamberlin, 1943, is available for such an entity.

scholarly journals Using Color to Define Species Boundaries: Quantitative Analysis in the Orchard Oriole Complex Supports the Recognition of two Species

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynna M. Kiere ◽  
Christopher M. Hofmann ◽  
Ian E. Tracy ◽  
Thomas W. Cronin ◽  
Jeff Leips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Color Measurement ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Plumage Color ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Reflectance Spectrometry ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Molecular Studies

Abstract Abstract. The recent divergence of Orchard (Icterus spurius spurius) and Fuertes's Orioles (I. s. fuertesi) makes them an ideal system for investigating species boundaries. Orchard and Fuertes's Orioles differ in several respects. They have distinct breeding ranges—Fuertes's Orioles breed in eastern coastal Mexico, whereas Orchard Orioles breed throughout eastern and central North America—and differ in plumage coloration, with adult male Orchard Orioles appearing “chestnut” and Fuertes's Orioles “ochre.” However, no detailed quantitative color analyses have been conducted. To characterize these differences we quantitatively measured plumage color using reflectance spectrometry. The colored plumages of adult male Orchard and Fuertes's Orioles have unique spectral characteristics, with no color overlap between them. Combined with life history differences and previous molecular studies, these findings support the classification of Orchard and Fuertes's Orioles as separate species. Additionally, this study demonstrates the utility of quantitative color measurement as a tool for examining species boundaries.

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