VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MYCOSTASIS IN MALAYAN SOILS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Cellulose Film ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Waterlogged Soils ◽  
Film Method

Using the cellulose-film method the distribution of mycostasis was examined in profiles from five differing soil types in Malaya. Soils were found to be inhibitory to the spores of Mucor ramannianus Möller to a depth of 360 cm, but waterlogged soils were less inhibitory than those which were drained. The addition of 1% (w/v) glucose only partially masked the inhibition in some soils while autoclaving the soils before assay resulted in a complete removal of the inhibition from the upper soil layers only. It was suggested that the mycostatic factor produced in the soil as a result of biological activity only extends down to a depth of 120–150 cm, whereas deeper layers in the profile possess an inhibitory factor which is non-biological in nature. The pattern of soil mycostasis was compared with those established for Nigerian and British soils and it was concluded that the pattern in Malayan soils resembled more closely that from Britain.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and phytochemical activities of Amaranthus caudatus L. harvested from different soils at various growth stages

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhali Olaide Jimoh ◽  
Anthony Jide Afolayan ◽  
Francis Bayo Lewu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Clayey Loam ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Amaranthus Caudatus ◽  
Different Soils

Abstract This study aimed at profiling the biological activities of Amaranthus caudatus cultivated on different soils in a glasshouse experiment. Five soil types namely; sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, clayey loam, loam and control (unfractionated soil) were experimentally formulated from primary particles of clay, sand and silt following the United State Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) soil triangle technique. After harvesting at pre-flowering (61 days after planting), flowering (71 days after planting) and post-flowering (91 days after planting) stages, crude extracts were obtained with water and ethanol. Total flavonoids, phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents of the extracts, as well as their biological activities, were determined using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ethanol (DPPH), nitric oxide and phosphomolybdate assays. It was observed that biological activity of A. caudatus varied with soil types, stages of maturity and solvents of extraction. The highest phytochemical yield was recorded in ethanolic extracts of clayey loam harvested prior to flowering and the same trend was replicated in the antioxidant properties of the plant. For optimal biological activity, it is recommended that clayey loam soil should be used for cultivation of A. caudatus and harvest should be made near flowering to capture high phytochemical yield from the species.

Sialic Acid Content And The Biological Activity Of Stuart Factor (F X)

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Engel
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Sialic Acid Content ◽  
Activation System ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Esterase Activities

Substantial release of sialic acid (SA) from purified F X was obtained with sialidase from Clostridium perfringens. The total SA content of F X was found to be 1.7%, in agreement with previous reports. After almost complete removal of SA, aliquots were examined by polyacrilamide disc electrophoresis and by polyacrilamide in sodium dodecy1 sulphate (SDS) and the gels were stained for proteins and for glycoproteins. When SA was progressively removed from F X its clotting activity was slightly increased while its electrophoretic mobility was retarded, as expected. The tryptic activation of F X was affected by the removal of 60-70% of SA, yielding more clotting activity than the native F X. No difference was observed between the esterase activity of regular F X and asialo-X as measured by the hydrolysis of N-alpha-acetyl glycyl-L-lysy1-methyl ester acetate (AGLMe).When asialo-X was interacted with 25% sodium citrate the kinetics were accelerated and the maximal clotting and esterase activities were obtained at 6 hours of activation while the native F X reached the peack of both activities at 24 hours. Both activation mixtures were analyzed, at the period of maximal activity, for liberation of peptidic material by thin-layer electrophoresis (TLE). TLE patterns of asialo-X varied according to the activation system used; they also differed from the ones obtained with native F X.The data indicate that SA influences the kinetic of activation of F X and the nature and distribution of the peptidic material released during activation.

scholarly journals ESTUDOS DE UM BANCO DE SEMENTES NO SOLO DE UM FRAGMENTO FLORESTAL COM Araucaria angustifolia NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ

FLORESTA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Lima de Souza ◽  
Antônio Carlos Nogueira ◽  
Renato Luiz Grisi Macedo ◽  
Carlos Roberto Sanquetta ◽  
Nelson Venturin
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Regeneration Strategy ◽  
Soil Layers

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o banco de sementes no solo de um fragmento florestal com Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. no estado do Paraná. Para isso, investigou-se a distribuição vertical das sementes, a influência do sombreamento sobre a emergência das plântulas, sua identificação e quantificação. A distribuição vertical de sementes em quatro camadas foi analisada através da identificação e quantificação das plântulas emergentes em casa de vegetação, levando em consideração o nível de sombreamento. Os dados referentes ao banco de sementes foram obtidos no período de 210 dias, por meio de identificação botânica e contagens semanais das plântulas germinadas das quatro profundidades de solo em quatro parcelas experimentais. As amostras foram colocadas para germinar sob 0 e 50% de sombreamento em casa de vegetação. Os resultados obtidos no estudo de banco de sementes permitiram as seguintes conclusões: o banco de sementes parece ser pobre em espécies arbóreas e abundante em espécies herbáceas; o banco de sementes das espécies arbóreas foi maior na segunda camada; ocorreu maior germinação sob 0% de sombreamento. Provavelmente, a estratégia de regeneração da maioria das espécies presentes nessa área de estudo parece não ser pelo banco de sementes no solo.Palavras-chave: Banco de sementes no solo; Araucaria angustifolia; fragmento florestal. AbstractSoil seed bank analysis in a forest fragment with Araucaria angustifolia, State of Parana. A research on soil seed bank had been developed in an Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. forest fragment in the State of Paraná. It had surveyed vertical distribution of seeds within the soil and shadow influence on seedling emergence, besides the improvement of their identification and quantity measuring. Vertical distribution of seeds in four soil layers had been analyzed by identification and quantification of germinated seedlings in greenhouse, with full light or 50% shaded conditions. Data related to seedlings of trees, weeds, grasses and lianas were calculated separately in weekly intervals during a 210-day period. Results suggested that the soil seed bank in this forest was poor in relation to tree species, in diversity as far as density. On the other hand, seeds of grasses and weeds decreased along vertical soil profile, and forest tree species tended to abundance in the 5-10 cm layer. Germination was higher with full light than in 50% shaded conditions. Probably, regeneration strategy for most species in this focused area doesn’t seem to be soil seed bank.Keywords: Soil seed bank; Araucaria angustifolia; forest fragment.

scholarly journals The regulatory proteins of the myofibril. Characterization and biological activity of the calcium-sensitizing factor (troponin A)

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Schaub ◽  
S. V. Perry ◽  
W. Häcker
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Myofibrillar Protein ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Protein System ◽  
Troponin Complex

1. Electrophoretically homogeneous calcium-sensitizing factor was prepared from the troponin complex by chromatography successively on sulphoethyl-Sephadex and on diethyl-(2-hydroxypropyl)aminoethyl-Sephadex in 6m-urea. It is a protein containing 53% of polar amino acids, of which a net excess consists of acidic residues. 2. On gel filtration the calcium-sensitizing factor was shown to be the only myofibrillar protein that bound 45Ca2+ tightly in the presence of 2–6m-urea. 3. Calcium-sensitizing factor effectively neutralized the effect of the inhibitory factor on the ATPase activities of actomyosin systems. Tropomyosin was essential for the regulation, by changes in the Ca2+ concentration, of the neutralizing effect of calcium-sensitizing factor on the inhibitory factor. 4. Prolonged exposure to chelators of Ca2+ produced an irreversibly modified form of calcium-sensitizing factor of higher electrophoretic mobility at pH8.6. The modified form neutralized the inhibitory factor action but this property could no longer be controlled by the Ca2+ concentration in the presence of tropomysin. 5. The calcium-sensitizing factor and tropomyosin could be replaced by their carboxymethylated derivatives in the relaxing-protein system.

scholarly journals Contribution of fine tree roots to the silicon cycle in a temperate forest ecosystem developed on three soil types

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 2231-2249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Pierre Turpault ◽  
Christophe Calvaruso ◽  
Gil Kirchen ◽  
Paul-Olivier Redon ◽  
Carine Cochet
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Root Decomposition ◽  
Soil Layers

Abstract. The role of forest vegetation in the silicon (Si) cycle has been widely examined. However, to date, little is known about the specific role of fine roots. The main objective of our study was to assess the influence of fine roots on the Si cycle in a temperate forest in north-eastern France. Silicon pools and fluxes in vegetal solid and solution phases were quantified within each ecosystem compartment, i.e. in the atmosphere, above-ground and below-ground tree tissues, forest floor and different soil layers, on three plots, each with different soil types, i.e. Dystric Cambisol (DC), Eutric Cambisol (EC) and Rendzic Leptosol (RL). In this study, we took advantage of a natural soil gradient, from shallow calcic soil to deep moderately acidic soil, with similar climates, atmospheric depositions, species compositions and management. Soil solutions were measured monthly for 4 years to study the seasonal dynamics of Si fluxes. A budget of dissolved Si (DSi) was also determined for the forest floor and soil layers. Our study highlighted the major role of fine roots in the Si cycle in forest ecosystems for all soil types. Due to the abundance of fine roots mainly in the superficial soil layers, their high Si concentration (equivalent to that of leaves and 2 orders higher than that of coarse roots) and their rapid turnover rate (approximately 1 year), the mean annual Si fluxes in fine roots in the three plots were 68 and 110 kgha-1yr-1 for the RL and the DC, respectively. The turnover rates of fine roots and leaves were approximately 71 and 28 % of the total Si taken up by trees each year, demonstrating the importance of biological recycling in the Si cycle in forests. Less than 1 % of the Si taken up by trees each year accumulated in the perennial tissues. This study also demonstrated the influence of soil type on the concentration of Si in the annual tissues and therefore on the Si fluxes in forests. The concentrations of Si in leaves and fine roots were approximately 1.5–2.0 times higher in the Si-rich DC compared to the Si-poor RL. In terms of the DSi budget, DSi production was large in the three plots in the forest floor (9.9 to 12.7 kgha-1yr-1), as well as in the superficial soil layer (5.3 to 14.5 kgha-1yr-1), and decreased with soil depth. An immobilization of DSi was even observed at 90 cm depth in plot DC (−1.7 kgha-1yr-1). The amount of Si leached from the soil profile was relatively low compared to the annual uptake by trees (13 % in plot DC to 29 % in plot RL). The monthly measurements demonstrated that the seasonal dynamics of the DSi budget were mainly linked to biological activity. Notably, the peak of dissolved Si production in the superficial soil layer occurred during winter and probably resulted from fine-root decomposition. Our study reveals that biological processes, particularly those involving fine roots, play a predominant role in the Si cycle in temperate forest ecosystems, while the geochemical processes appear to be limited.

scholarly journals SPATIAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LITTER AND BELOWGROUND CARBON IN A BRAZILIAN CERRADO VEGETATION

CERNE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius Augusto Morais ◽  
Carla Alessandra Santos ◽  
José Márcio Mello ◽  
Hassan Camil Dadid ◽  
Emanuel José Gomes Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Root Carbon ◽  
Spatial And Vertical Distribution

ABSTRACT Forest ecosystems contribute significantly to store greenhouse gases. This paper aimed to investigate the spatial and vertical distribution of litter, roots, and soil carbon. We obtained biomass and carbon of compartments (litter, roots, and soil) in a vegetation from Cerrado biome, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The materials were collected in 7 0.5 m² sub-plots randomly allocated in the vegetation. Root and soil samples were taken from five soil layers across the 0-100 cm depth. Roots were classified into three diameter classes: fine (<5 mm), medium (5-10 mm), and coarse (>10 mm) roots. The carbon stock was mapped through geostatistical analysis. The results indicated averages of soil carbon stock of 208.5 Mg.ha-1 (94.6% of the total carbon), root carbon of 6.8 Mg.ha-1 (3.1%), and litter of 5 Mg.ha-1 (2.3%). The root carbon was majority stored in coarse roots (83%), followed by fine (10%), and medium roots (7%). The largest portion of fine roots concentrated in the 0-10 cm soil depth, whereas medium and coarse roots were majority in the 10-20 cm depth. The largest portion of soil (53%) and root (85%) carbon were stored in superficial soil layers (above 40 cm). As conclusion, the carbon spatial distribution follows a reasonable trend among the compartments. There is a vertical relation of which the deeper the soil layer, the lower the soil and root carbon stock. Excepting the shallowest layer, coarse roots held the largest portion of carbon across the evaluated soil layers.

scholarly journals Deep Soil Layers of Drought-Exposed Forests Harbor Poorly Known Bacterial and Fungal Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Frey ◽  
Lorenz Walthert ◽  
Carla Perez-Mon ◽  
Beat Stierli ◽  
Roger Köchli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Soil microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of soil nutrients, because they act as decomposers or are mutualistic or antagonistic symbionts, thereby influencing plant growth and health. In the present study, we investigated the vertical distribution of the soil microbiome to a depth of 2 m in Swiss drought-exposed forests of European beech and oaks on calcareous bedrock. We aimed to disentangle the effects of soil depth, tree (beech, oak), and substrate (soil, roots) on microbial abundance, diversity, and community structure. With increasing soil depth, organic carbon, nitrogen, and clay content decreased significantly. Similarly, fine root biomass, microbial biomass (DNA content, fungal abundance), and microbial alpha-diversity decreased and were consequently significantly related to these physicochemical parameters. In contrast, bacterial abundance tended to increase with soil depth, and the bacteria to fungi ratio increased significantly with greater depth. Tree species was only significantly related to the fungal Shannon index but not to the bacterial Shannon index. Microbial community analyses revealed that bacterial and fungal communities varied significantly across the soil layers, more strongly for bacteria than for fungi. Both communities were also significantly affected by tree species and substrate. In deep soil layers, poorly known bacterial taxa from Nitrospirae, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes and GAL 15 were overrepresented. Furthermore, archaeal phyla such as Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota were more abundant in subsoils than topsoils. Fungal taxa that were predominantly found in deep soil layers belong to the ectomycorrhizal Boletus luridus and Hydnum vesterholtii. Both taxa are reported for the first time in such deep soil layers. Saprotrophic fungal taxa predominantly recorded in deep soil layers were unknown species of Xylaria. Finally, our results show that the microbial community structure found in fine roots was well represented in the bulk soil. Overall, we recorded poorly known bacterial and archaeal phyla, as well as ectomycorrhizal fungi that were not previously known to colonize deep soil layers. Our study contributes to an integrated perspective on the vertical distribution of the soil microbiome at a fine spatial scale in drought-exposed forests.

scholarly journals Vertical distribution of tree fine roots in the tephra profile with two buried humic soil layers

Plant Root ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (0) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Keina Motegi ◽  
Yoshihiro Kobae ◽  
Emi Kameoka ◽  
Mikoto Kaneko ◽  
Tomoko Hatanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Humic Soil
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