REPLICA PLATING TECHNIQUE FOR STUDYING MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS IN SOIL

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Stotzky
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Selective Inhibitors ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Sterile Soil ◽  
Plating Technique ◽  
Replica Plating ◽  
Plating Method

A replica plating method was developed to study ecology of microorganisms in soil. Precise placement of inocula and amendments at desired loci in sterile soil contained in petri plates were accomplished with a template. Subsequent growth and distribution of individual species, even when part of a mixed population, was measured by periodic transfer with an easily constructed replicator to agar plates of differing nutritional composition or containing selective inhibitors. The method is rapid and reproducible, and permits the study of many variables and interactions in a single soil plate; it can also be used with non-sterile soil and other suitable microbial habitats.

scholarly journals Microbial Interactions in Oral Communities Mediate Emergent Biofilm Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.I. Diaz ◽  
A.M. Valm
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Cooperation ◽  
Cell Cell

Oral microbial communities are extraordinarily complex in taxonomic composition and comprise interdependent biological systems. The bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that thrive within these communities engage in extensive cell-cell interactions, which are both beneficial and antagonistic. Direct physical interactions among individual cells mediate large-scale architectural biofilm arrangements and provide spatial proximity for chemical communication and metabolic cooperation. In this review, we summarize recent work in identifying specific molecular components that mediate cell-cell interactions and describe metabolic interactions, such as cross-feeding and exchange of electron acceptors and small molecules, that modify the growth and virulence of individual species. We argue, however, that although pairwise interaction models have provided useful information, complex community-like systems are needed to study the properties of oral communities. The networks of multiple synergistic and antagonistic interactions within oral biofilms give rise to the emergent properties of persistence, stability, and long-range spatial structure, with these properties mediating the dysbiotic transitions from health to oral diseases. A better understanding of the fundamental properties of interspecies networks will lead to the development of effective strategies to manipulate oral communities.

scholarly journals Microbial adaptation in vertical soil profiles contaminated by antimony smelting plant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Xu ◽  
Xiaoxu Sun ◽  
Feng Han ◽  
Enzong Xiao ◽  
Baoqin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Microbial Adaptation ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing

Abstract BackgroundSoil microbes play critical roles in the biogeochemical cycling of antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As), and the effects of Sb and As contamination on soil microbiota have been well documented in surface soils (< 0.2 m). However, their effects in deep soils remain poorly understood. This study determined the depth-resolved effects of Sb and As contamination on the microbial adaptation throughout soil profiles (0–2 m) and compared contaminated soil samples to uncontaminated samples.Methods16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were employed to investigate the microbial community and their metabolism traits in soil profiles. Co-occurrence network analysis was used to present the pairwise interactions of microbes.ResultsAs soil depth increased, Acidobacteria (18.8%–44.7% from top to bottom, hereafter), Chloroflexi (8.7%–42.4%), Proteobacteria (11.4%–27.1%), and Thaumarchaeota (0.49%–20.17%) were the most variable phyla from surface to deep soil. A set of co-occurrence networks revealed an obvious changing pattern of microbial interactions as soil depth increased. The networks were loosely connected in the heavily contaminated surface soil but gradually recovered and were well connected in the less contaminated deep soil. Results suggested that individual species became more connected with other patterns to perform syntrophic functions in the less contaminated soil depth. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing results indicated that microbial metabolic potential also changed with soil depth. Genes encoding C metabolism pathways were negatively correlated with Sb and As concentrations. A set of arsenic-related genes was enriched by the high Sb and As contamination but reduced with soil depth. ConclusionsSoil depth-resolved characteristics are often many meters deep and their microbial diversity and community structures obviously change along their vertical soil profiles due to different nutrient contents and biomasses. The significance of this study is that it further reveals how the microbial communities and microbial physiological traits respond to different soil profiles contaminated by high concentrations of Sb and As.

A Replica Plating Method for Plant Cells

1977 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. SCHULTE ◽  
M. H. ZENK
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cells ◽  
Replica Plating ◽  
Plating Method

Survival of Oral Bacteria

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H.W. Bowden ◽  
I. R. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Efficient Transmission

The global distribution of individual species of oral bacteria demonstrates their ability to survive among their human hosts. Such an ubiquitous existence is the result of efficient transmission of strains and their persistence in the oral environment. Genetic analysis has identified specific clones of pathogenic bacteria causing infection. Presumably, these express virulence-associated characteristics enhancing colonization and survival in their hosts. A similar situation may occur with the oral resident flora, where genetic variants may express specific phenotypic characteristics related to survival. Survival in the mouth is enhanced by dental plaque formation, where persistence is associated with the bacteria's capacity not only to adhere and grow, but also to withstand oxygen, wide fluctuations in pH and carbohydrate concentration, and a diverse array of microbial interactions. Streptococcus mutans has been discussed as a 'model' organism possessing the biochemical flexibility that permits it to persist and dominate the indigenous microflora under conditions of stress.

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