MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF 2,2-DICHLOROPROPIONIC ACID IN FIVE SOILS

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald D. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Enrichment Technique ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Soil ◽  
Plant Bioassays

The microbial degradation of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) in five soils was observed under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Oat plant bioassays revealed that under greenhouse conditions (28 °C) dalapon persisted only 4–8 days in a muck soil, 8–16 days in loam and silty clay loam soils, 16–32 days in sandy loam soil, and 32–64 days in a silty clay soil. An enrichment technique was used to isolate microorganisms effective in the degradation of dalapon from each soil. Although differences in microbial populations among the five soils examined were evident, each soil possessed one or more organisms capable of rapidly degrading dalapon under pure culture conditions. Dalapon degradation by effective microorganisms was affected by organic matter level, pH, cation exchange capacity, and aeration.

In field survival of Rhizoctonia solani in soil and in diseased sugarbeets

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard J. Herr
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Inoculum Density ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Persistence of Rhizoctonia solani in the field was investigated by ascertaining survival (competitive saprophytic activity) in soil and survival in diseased plants. Except for one instance, low levels of R. solani survived overwinter in artificially and naturally infested soils. In a sandy loam soil, cropped to sugarbeets, inoculum density increased throughout the growing season from low early spring levels to high levels in July and August. In a silty clay soil, cropped to sugarbeets, inoculum density remained low with only a slight increase throughout the growing season. Survival of R. solani in diseased sugarbeets placed on the soil surface was greater than survival in diseased beets buried in soil. Little reduction in percentages of beets yielding R. solani colonies took place from November to April in either buried or unburied beets. The major reduction in survival of R. solani in buried beets occurred during the 6-week interval from April to June.

The effect of tillage and KCl addition on pH, conductance, NO3-N, P, K and Cl distribution in the soil profile

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Grant ◽  
L. D. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Profile ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Distribution of NO3, P, K, Cl, pH and conductance through the soil profile were measured on two soil types after 4 yr of crop production using zero tillage (ZT) or conventional tillage (CT), with or without addition of KCl. All plots received N and P fertilizer each year as banded applications. Surface concentrations of NO3-N were higher under ZT than CT, particularly on the fine sandy loam soil. Accumulation of NO3-N also occurred in the 60- to 120-cm zone, under both tillage systems in both soils. Carryover of NO3-N was substantially greater on the silty clay than the fine sandy loam soil. Phosphate accumulated at the depth of band application in both soils under both tillage systems. Potassium concentration was generally higher under ZT than CT in the surface 15 cm of both soils, presumably due to surface retention of K from fertilizer applications and crop residues. Chloride was higher under ZT than CT in the surface 5 cm of both soils, but was higher under CT than ZT in the 30- to 60-cm and 60- to 120-cm depths in the silty clay soil, if KCl had been applied. The pH on both soils under both tillage systems was reduced in the 10- to 12.5-cm soil depth, corresponding to the zone of fertilizer application. On the silty clay soil, pH was higher under ZT than CT in the 10- to 15-cm depth and tended to be higher under ZT than CT at all depths below 15 cm. Conductance was not influenced by tillage in either soil. Application of KCl increased K and Cl concentrations in the surface 15 cm on both soils. Concentration of Cl was increased to 120 cm in both soils, indicating the mobility and leaching potential of this anion. Conductance and pH were increased in the 2.5- to 5.0-cm and 10- to 12.5-cm depths by KCl application in the fine sandy loam soil, but on the silty clay soil, only conductance was increased. Key words: Zero tillage, nutrient stratification, pH stratification

scholarly journals Soil Texture Alters the Impact of Salinity on Carbon Mineralization

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Ruihuan She ◽  
Yongxiang Yu ◽  
Chaorong Ge ◽  
Huaiying Yao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Soil salinization typically inhibits the ability of decomposer organisms to utilize soil organic matter, and an increase in soil clay content can mediate the negative effect of salinity on carbon (C) mineralization. However, the interactive effects of soil salt concentrations and properties on C mineralization remain uncertain. In this study, a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of soil salt content (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.0%) and texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silty clay soil with 6.0%, 23.9% and 40.6% clay content, respectively) on C mineralization and microbial community composition after cotton straw addition. With increasing soil salinity, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the three soils decreased, but the effect of soil salinity on the decomposition of soil organic carbon varied with soil texture. Cumulative CO2 emissions in the coarse-textured (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) soils were more affected by salinity than those in the fine-textured (silty clay) soil. This difference was probably due to the differing responses of labile and resistant organic compounds to salinity across different soil texture. Increased salinity decreased the decomposition of the stable C pool in the coarse-textured soil, by reducing the proportion of fungi to bacteria, whereas it decreased the mineralization of the active C pool in the fine-textured soil through decreasing the Gram-positive bacterial population. Overall, our results suggest that soil texture controlled the negative effect of salinity on C mineralization through regulating the soil microbial community composition.

Protecting Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) from Fluometuron Injury with Seed Protectants

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy R. Corbin ◽  
Robert E. Frans
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Chlormequat Chloride ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to evaluate the potential of growth regulators mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride as seed treatments to protect cotton from fluometuron injury. Fluometuron at two and three times the recommended use rate reduced cotton stand and height on Taloka and Convent silt loam soils both years. Cotton grown on a Sharkey silty clay soil was not injured by fluometuron. Mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride increased cotton stands on a Taloka silt loam soil when averaged over rates and years. In general, fluometuron injury to cotton was not reduced by treating seed with 1000 ppmw concentrations of chlormequat chloride or mepiquat chloride. Chlormequat chloride reduced chlorosis and necrosis of cotton treated with fluometuron, but neither growth regulator eliminated cotton injury or yield reduction caused by fluometuron at two or three times the recommended rates.

scholarly journals Residue Kinetics of Ethofumesate in Texturally Diverse Soils of Sugar Beet Crop under Field Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Shishir Tandon ◽  
Suman Lata Pal
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Quantitation Limit ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Sugar Beet Crop

Indiscriminate use of pesticides and growing awareness of environmental and health problems had led to monitoring their residues in soil and crops. Ethofumesate is one of the widely used herbicides for controlling weeds in sugar beet. Dissipation kinetics and terminal residues of ethofumesate were investigated in two diverse soils under subtropical field conditions. Ethofumesate dissipated slowly after application and follows biphasic first-order kinetics in soils. The average half-life for initial and later phases in sandy loam soil, respectively, was 14.54 and 20.42 and 51.83 and 65.21 days, while for silty clay loam, it was 10.09 and 13.00 and 71.42 and 73.10 days, respectively. Recoveries in soil, leaves, and beetroot ranged from 78.15 to 88.05, 77.01 to 88.58, and 76.25 to 84.50%, respectively. The quantitation limit for soil, roots, and leaves was 0.002 μg g−1. At harvest, no residues were detected in soils, leaves, and sugar beetroots. Residues were below the maximum residue limits in sugar beetroots and leaves as set by EU (0.2 ppm). Ethofumesate is safe from weed control and environmental aspects as it does not persist for a long duration in soils and does not appear to pose any adverse effect on human/animal health under subtropical field conditions.

Effect of application timing on pyrithiobac persistence

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric P. Webster ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soil Slope ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Loam Soil

Experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to determine persistence of pyrithiobac as determined by bioavailability following different application times in a silty clay. Pyrithiobac was applied at PPI, PRE, pinhead square (PHS), and first bloom (FB) application timings. Greenhouse studies were also conducted in 1993 and 1994 to determine pyrithiobac persistence under controlled conditions on a sandy loam soil. Slope comparison indicated no difference in degradation patterns in the field for any application timing of pyrithiobac within years; thus, application timings were combined for 1993 and 1994. Slope comparison also indicated no difference in slope between 1993 and 1994; thus, years were combined to determine pyrithiobac persistence. The initial concentration was 30 ηg g−1. The half-life of pyrithiobac was 62 d in the field. Analysis of covariance indicated no difference in slope for the 1993 and 1994 greenhouse studies, and years were combined to determine the half-life. The initial concentration was 43 η g−1. The half-life was 43 d in the greenhouse study.

scholarly journals The Phytotoxicity of Microencapsulated Peppermint Oil on Maize (Zea mays L.) Depending on the Type of Growth Substrate and Maize Cultivar

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1302
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Synowiec ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Agnieszka Krajewska
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Growth Substrate ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Growth Substrates ◽  
Loam Soil

Microencapsulated peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) essential oil (MPEO) is a prospective botanical herbicide. A hypothesis was formulated that the type of growth substrate (vermiculite, silty clay loam or sandy loam soil) and the cultivar affect the phytotoxic potential of MPEO on maize (Zea mays L.). The pot experiments assessed the effect of varying doses of MPEO or maltodextrin, a carrier of microcapsules, mixed with the growth substrates, on maize’s emergence and early growth. The morphological analyses were supported by the measurements of total phenolics in the second leaf and roots. The MPEO revealed phytotoxic effects on maize in all of the growth substrates already at a low dose (36.0 g m−2), displayed by the delays of maize emergence, reduced growth, and biomass accumulation. Maltodextrin also caused significant reductions in biomass of maize roots. In conclusion, maize is susceptible to substrate-applied MPEO, the type of substrate and the cultivar of maize, can modify this effect to a limited extent.

scholarly journals Early potato cultivation using synthetic and biodegradable covers

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Marek Kołodziejczyk ◽  
Andrzej Oleksy ◽  
Bogdan Kulig ◽  
Andrzej Lepiarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Full Maturity

The cultivation of plants under the covers made of synthetic polymers brings many benefits, however, it is associated with the need to utilize or recycle these materials after the period of their use. Such problems are not caused by the covers made of natural polymers. The aim of the study carried out in the years 2013–2014 was to determine an effect of covers made of biopolymers and synthetic polymers on thermal conditions and potato yield. Field study was carried out under sandy loam and silty clay loam soils conditions. The temperature of silty clay loam soil under the covers was on average by 2.9°C higher than in the unprotected area, whereas sandy loam soil had the temperature higher by 2.5°C under biodegradable foil and by 2.7°C under standard foil. Temperature increase under non-woven fabrics was lower than under foils. The highest increase in marketable tuber yield after 40 days from emergence and in full maturity of potato plants was found after at application of standard non-woven fabric P17 (7.2 and 7.4 t/ha, respectively) and the lowest, i.e., 3.0 and 3.4 t/ha, respectively, under biodegradable foil. Cover type had no effect on the number of tubers formed on the first harvest date, whereas a significantly higher number of tubers was recorded in the full maturity of plants in the year characterized by a longer growing period of potato under non-woven P17 on sandy loam soil, and under biodegradable foil on silty clay loam soil conditions. A significant influence of cover on the average tuber weight on the first harvest date was found only on sandy loam soil under non-woven fabrics in 2013, as compared to full maturity of plants under biodegradable covers on sandy loam soil in 2013 and on silty clay loam soil under all covers in 2014.

Persistence of Preemergence Applications of Chlorsulfuron, Metsulfuron, Triasulfuron, and Tribenuron in Three Soils in Greece

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Kotoula-Syka ◽  
Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos ◽  
Athanasios A. Gagianas ◽  
Achilleas G. Sficas
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

A pot bioassay, based on root growth of pregerminated corn, was used to evaluate factors influencing field persistence of chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and tribenuron, which were applied preemergence at 0, 10, 20, and 40 g ai ha−1to wheat grown in three soils that differed in texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam) and pH (7.9, 4.7, and 7.6). Residual activity and leaching of all herbicides in all soils increased with increasing rate of application, with the exception of tribenuron which showed practically no residual activity and leaching in sandy clay loam soil. Sunflower sown 4 mo after tribenuron application in all soils was not injured by any rate used but was significantly affected by the other herbicides. Lentil and sugarbeet also were affected by all herbicides in all soils. These three crops sown 8 mo after herbicide application were not affected by any herbicide used in the sandy clay loam soil but were injured by chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, and metsulfuron in the sandy loam soil. Only lentil and sugarbeet were injured by chlorsulfuron in the silty clay loam soil.

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