ANALYSIS OF FACTORS GOVERNING IN VITRO ACCUMULATION OF ZOOSPORES OF PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM ON ROOTS: II. SUBSTANCES CAUSING RESPONSE

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Royle ◽  
C. J. Hickman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Root Exudate ◽  
Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Weak Base ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Related Compounds

Pythium aphanidermatum zoospores in distilled water suspension showed differential responses towards a range of single compounds, and mixtures, diffusing from the ends of capillary tubes containing these materials in agar. All substances caused an initial disorientation of zoospore movement followed, according to the substance under test, by indifference, repulsion, attraction, trapping, and encystment, or, at extreme pH, by loss of motility and death. Of a wide range of substances and mixtures tested, including sugars, amino acids, inorganic salts, organic acids, auxins, and vitamins, only glutamic acid, after weak base adjustment, and mixtures of sugars combined with mixtures of amino acids, induced the pattern of response observed with roots and root materials. Comparison of the activity of glutamate and structurally related compounds indicated that the effectiveness of glutamate was dependent on the presence of several moieties of the glutamate ion.Short photographic exposures allowed counts to be made of zoospores and cysts around the capillary mouth and provided a method for comparing, quantitatively, the accumulation of zoospores in response to different substances over a period of time.The substances inducing activity were readily detected in pea root exudate and extract and are, in fact, of general occurrence in roots. The effectiveness of the active principle(s) in root exudate and extract was roughly proportional to the concentration of these root materials in terms of their content of carbon and nitrogen but no such relation could be established for glutamic acid and a joint mixture of amino acids and sugars, suggesting the existence in root materials of additional factor(s).

The metabolism of acetate by rumen microorganisms

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Emmanuel ◽  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
B. V. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Wide Range

Rumen contents were incubated in vitro with acetate-1-14C. Significant amounts of 14C were incorporated into rumen microbial proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Serine, glutamic acid, methionine, and cystine were highly labeled, whereas less, or insignificant radioactivity was found in other amino acids. Acetate was incorporated into a wide range of microbial fatty acids. The quantitative significance of acetate metabolism is discussed.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS GOVERNING IN VITRO ACCUMULATION OF ZOOSPORES OF PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM ON ROOTS: I. BEHAVIOR OF ZOOSPORES

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Royle ◽  
C. J. Hickman
Keyword(s):  
Root Exudate ◽  
Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Water Suspension ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Early Germination ◽  
Pea Roots ◽  
Germ Tubes

Zoospores of Pythium aphanidermatum in distilled water suspension responded to intact pea roots by massing in large numbers at the sites of elongation behind the root tips. They showed preferential attraction to wounds made by puncturing the epidermis, and to the stele exposed at the cut ends of roots. Massing of zoospores was followed, almost immediately, by encystment and early germination, the germ tubes being directed towards the source of stimulation. The phenomenon was non-specific over a wide range of plants examined. Root exudate and extract, diffusing from the ends of capillary tubes containing these materials in agar, caused identical zoospore responses. Analysis of zoospore movement under stimulation revealed a sequence of responses—initial disruption of the typical course of movement, attraction, trapping, and early cessation of movement by encystment. Attraction was equated with chemotaxis, whilst trapping showed features of kineses.

scholarly journals Amino Acids in Entomopathogenic Fungi Cultured In Vitro

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1899
Author(s):  
Lech Wojciech Szajdak ◽  
Stanisław Bałazy ◽  
Teresa Meysner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Conidiobolus Coronatus ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Isaria Farinosa ◽  
Lecanicillium Lecanii ◽  
Wide Range

The content of bounded amino acids in six entomopathogenic fungi was identified and determined. Analyzing the elements characterizing the pathogenicity of individual species of fungi based on infectivity criteria, ranges of infected hosts, and the ability to induce epizootics, these can be ranked in the following order: Isaria farinosa, Isaria tenuipes, Isaria fumosorose, Lecanicillium lecanii, Conidiobolus coronatus, Isaria coleopterorum. These fungi represent two types of Hyphomycetales-Paecilomyces Bainier and Verticillium Nees ex Fr. and one type of Entomophtorales-Conidiobolus Brefeld. Our study indicates that there are significant quantitative and qualitative differences of bounded amino acids in the entomopathogenic fungal strains contained in the mycelium between high and low pathogenicity strains. The richest composition of bounded amino acids has been shown in the mycelium of the Isaria farinosa strain, which is one of the most commonly presented pathogenic fungi in this group with a very wide range of infected hosts and is the most frequently recorded in nature as an important factor limiting the population of insects.

Effects of 2,4-D and Amino Acids on Field Bindweed in Vitro

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Harvey ◽  
T. J. Muzik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Differential Binding ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Two clones of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) which differed in their susceptibility to (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) under field and greenhouse conditions also exhibited similar differences when stem cells were cultured in liquid and agar media. Amino acids added to the culture media altered the response to 2,4-D. Glutamic acid increased the tolerance of the susceptible (S) clone, but reduced the tolerance of the resistant (R) clone. Glutamine increased the susceptibility of the S clone to a much greater degree than it did the R clone. No significant differences were noted in the rates of absorption of metabolism of 2,4-D by the two clones. Glutamine increased and glutamic acid decreased 2,4-D absorption by both clones. Levels of nitrate reductase activity (NRA), soluble protein (SP), and gross RNA (GR) increased in the S tissues but decreased or remained constant in the R tissues exposed to 4.5 × 10−5M 2,4-D. Correlations between 2,4-D susceptibility and NRA demonstrated a relationship between the effects of 2,4-D and nitrogen metabolism. Differential binding of 2,4-D within the cells appears to be the most likely explanation for the differences in response to 2,4-D.

Formation and occurrence of N-malonylphenylalanine and related compounds in plants

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 797-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Rosa ◽  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Isolation Procedure ◽  
Plant Kingdom ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Leucine Isomers ◽  
Related Compounds

Shoots of barley seedlings when fed D-phenylalanine convert the amino acid to N-malonylphenylalanine. Some N-acetylphenylalanine is obtained at the same time but this may be an artifact of the isolation procedure since it is readily formed by decarboxylation of the malonylphenylalanine. Feeding experiments with the D- and L-isomers of phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, alanine, and glutamic acid showed that barley shoots form the malonyl derivative from all the D-isomers whereas little, if any, is formed from the L-isomers. Similar experiments with phenylalanine and leucine isomers, using seven different plant species, showed that the ability to conjugate the D-isomers (but not the L-isomers) was found in all of the plants tested. It was also observed that the ether-soluble acidic conjugates of a variety of amino acids, possibly malonyl derivatives, occur widely throughout the plant kingdom.

scholarly journals Amino acid metabolism of experimental granulation tissue in vitro

1973 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija Aalto ◽  
Kirsti Lampiaho ◽  
J. Pikkarainen ◽  
E. Kulonen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Granulation Tissue ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Intracellular Volume

1. The intracellular volume in granulation tissue was about 15% of the total urea space. 2. The experimental granuloma has a greater ability to retain amino acids during the proliferation phase than later during the synthesis of collagen. 3. The synthesis of collagen and other proteins by granulation tissue is related to the concentrations of proline and glutamic acid in the medium. 4. The rate of synthesis of proline from glutamic acid in granulation-tissue slices is greatest during collagen synthesis. It is enhanced by lactate. 5. Extracellular cations influence the synthesis of collagen and ouabain is inhibitory. Synthesis of other proteins is less sensitive in this respect. 6. It is suggested that the synthesis of collagen is related to the supply of certain amino acids, especially proline, and hence to the redox balance, and also to the function of the cell wall.

scholarly journals Determination of qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in garlic bulbs and leaves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Fedosov ◽  
V. S. Kyslychenko ◽  
O. M. Novosel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Amino Acids

Introduction. Plant amino acids have an important impact on functioning of various systems and organs of human body. In addition, they possess a wide range of pharmacotherapeutic properties, improve the digestion and potentiate the activity of biologically active compounds present in plants. Thus, the search of plant species that contain a large complex of plant amino acids and are used as food is of current interest. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) from Alliaceae family is one of such plants, and has been used since ancient times for the treatment of various disorders.The aim of the study – to determine the composition and quantitative content of free and bound amino acids of garlic bulbs and leaves.Research methods. The amino acid composition was determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.Results and Discussion. 16 amino acids were detected in garlic bulbs as a result of the experiment. Arginine (3.04 %) and proline (1.56 %) were found to be accumulated infree state, while glutamic acid (10.59 %), aspartic acid (6.06 %) and arginine (5.94 %) prevailed in bound state. 15 free and 16 bound amino acids were identified and quantified in garlic leaves. Glutamic acid (2.11 %), leucine (1.79 %), valine (1.77 %), isoleucine (1.52 %), treonine and phenylalanine (1.44 %) dominated infree state, and glutamic acid (28.49 %), aspartic acid (12.90 %) and leucine (7.61 %) prevailed in bound state. Methionine was found only in bound state in garlic leaves.Conclusions. The amino acid composition of garlic bulbs and leaves was studied using the HPLC method. 16 amino acids in both free and bound state were detected and their content was determined in garlic bulbs, while in garlic leaves – 15 free and 16 bound amino acids. The results of the experiment showed that methionine is present only in bound state in garlic leaves.

scholarly journals Pre-formulation and systematic evaluation of amino acid assisted permeability of insulin across in vitro buccal cell layers

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Affiong Iyire ◽  
Maryam Alaayedi ◽  
Afzal R. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Sodium Deoxycholate ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Insulin Transport

Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate alternative safe and effective permeation enhancers for buccal peptide delivery. Basic amino acids improved insulin solubility in water while 200 and 400 μg/mL lysine significantly increased insulin solubility in HBSS. Permeability data showed a significant improvement in insulin permeation especially for 10 μg/mL of lysine (p < 0.05) and 10 μg/mL histidine (p < 0.001), 100 μg/mL of glutamic acid (p < 0.05) and 200 μg/mL of glutamic acid and aspartic acid (p < 0.001) without affecting cell integrity; in contrast to sodium deoxycholate which enhanced insulin permeability but was toxic to the cells. It was hypothesized that both amino acids and insulin were ionised at buccal cavity pH and able to form stable ion pairs which penetrated the cells as one entity; while possibly triggering amino acid nutrient transporters on cell surfaces. Evidence of these transport mechanisms was seen with reduction of insulin transport at suboptimal temperatures as well as with basal-to-apical vectoral transport, and confocal imaging of transcellular insulin transport. These results obtained for insulin are the first indication of a possible amino acid mediated transport of insulin via formation of insulin-amino acid neutral complexes by the ion pairing mechanism.

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