PASSIVE NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IN EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-1 VIRUS INFECTION

1964 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
E. Irene Grodums ◽  
George Dempster
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Virus Inoculation ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Coxsackie B

Passive neutralizing antibodies specific to Coxsackie B-1 virus are transmitted from immune mice to the litters both before and after birth.Before birth the antibodies are transmitted via the mother"s blood; their presence could not be detected by the age of 17 days. After birth, the antibodies apparently are transmitted by milk. The ND50 of these antibodies is maintained if the litter is suckled by an immune mother.Although the immune 4-day-old litters survive after intracerebral inoculation and there are no signs of paralysis or other severe damage to the CNS, the brain lesions on microscopical examination appear to be as extensive as in the non-immune controls. The brain tissues of the immune mice are spared if the virus is introduced by the subcutaneous route.The damage observed in the interscapular brown fat in either the immune 4- or the 17-day-old mice, irrespective of the route of virus inoculation, is considerably reduced or minimal, if the presence of the passive antibody can be demonstrated in the blood.When the offspring are born of and suckled by an immune mother, the multiplication of the Coxsackie B-1 virus in the brown fat appears to be completely blocked, and there is no evidence of an immediate antigenic stimulus by the challenge virus.

EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-3 INFECTION IN THE HIBERNATING SQUIRREL AND BAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Dempster ◽  
E. Irene Grodums ◽  
W. A. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Young Mouse ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Group B ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Coxsackie B ◽  
Coxsackie Group

It has been shown for the first time that Coxsackie B-3 virus will infect hibernating mammals such as the ground squirrel and the bat, in both the hibernating and nonhibernating states. Pathological changes in the heart and brown fat of squirrels in hibernation were comparable with those observed in mice. In squirrels the brain appeared to be relatively resistant, although the region of the olfactory bulb was often involved. Although no lesions were observed in bats killed in hibernation, a few died with meningoencephalitis. Viraemia was observed in both species and found to be more persistent in the bat.Biochemical studies were conducted upon the normal brown fat of the different species, and it was interesting to find that whereas the morphology and lipid content (total lipid and phospholipid) of the young mouse, adult squirrel, and adult bat were very similar, the corresponding characters of adult mouse brown fat showed marked differences. The significance of the resemblance of young mouse brown fat to that found in the hibernating mammal is being assessed further in the light of the function of the brown fat and its susceptibility to Coxsackie group B virus infection.

scholarly journals An Intracerebral Penetration of Air Shotgun Pellet in Toddler: A Case without Neurological Sequelae

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 1446-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayan Niryana ◽  
Hendry Irawan ◽  
I Putu Eka Widyadharma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND: A non-powder firearm including air shotgun remains a significant source of injury to children. It causes severe damage and can involve the brain, eyes, heart, abdomen, and other body parts.CASE REPORT: A toddler boy was accidentally shot by an air shotgun at the forehead, and there was no sign of neurological deficit, both before and after surgical removal of the pellet. Herein, we report a case of air shotgun pellet which penetrated a toddler’s head from the forehead, all the way up to the occiput. Removal of the pellet was successfully performed without eliciting any neurological sequelae.CONCLUSION: Air shotgun pellet may potentially cause severe injury to the central nervous system when the head is affected, which can be safely prevented by a prompt but deliberate surgical removal. The study would also like to emphasise the importance of education to reduce gunshot incidence in the pediatric population.

ENCEPHALITIS IN EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-3 INFECTION

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Irene Grodums ◽  
George Dempster
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
The Past ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Group B ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Standard Prototype ◽  
Experimental Disease ◽  
Coxsackie B ◽  
Coxsackie Group

A study has been made of the vulnerability of various parts of the brain in experimental Coxsackie B-3 virus infection. The standard prototype Coxsackie B-3 virus and a stock of inbred albino mice have been used for this purpose. The sites of greatest susceptibility have been precisely defined by thorough examinations of the whole brain and it has been observed that in 7- to 12-day-old mice the lesions are confined to sensory centers.Furthermore, observations have been made upon the effects of various factors such as the age at the time of inoculation, the state of myelination in different parts of the brain, and the route of inoculation. The complete resistance of the cerebellum to damage in spite of multiplication of virus in this site is of considerable interest.In the past little attention has been paid to the anatomical distribution of the brain lesions caused by the Coxsackie group B virus. It would seem to be profitable to direct attention to the features of the experimental disease in view of our lack of basic information regarding many non-fatal illnesses which affect the brain.

THE AGE FACTOR IN EXPERIMENTAL COXSACKIE B-3 INFECTION

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Irene Grodums ◽  
George Dempster
Keyword(s):  
White Mouse ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Standard Strain ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Age Factor ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Heart Lesions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Coxsackie B

A detailed study of the influence of the age factor upon the susceptibility of the white mouse to experimental infection with a standard strain of Coxsackie B-3 virus has been undertaken. A fairly accurate assessment of the susceptibility of the brain, heart, and brown fat tissues has been achieved by examining sufficiently large groups of animals inoculated at ages varying from 4 days to 182 days by histological and virological procedures.The contrasting patterns of changing susceptibility in the brain and heart were quite remarkable. Brain lesions were not found in mice inoculated after 12 days of age but heart lesions were severest in animals inoculated between 12 and 23 days of age. In both heart and brown fat tissue lesions could be found in adult animals infected with Coxsackie B-3 virus. Attention is drawn to the fact that the pathological response in the brown fat tissue is different in sucklings, weanlings, and adult mice.

PENGARUH PIJAT BAYI TERHADAP KUALITAS TIDUR BAYI UMUR 0 – 3 BULAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SOSIAL PALEMBANG TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRAK Tidur merupakan kebutuhan yang harus terpenuhi terutama pada fase perkembangan karena selama tidur akan terjadi perkembangan otak maupun tubuh, sehingga gangguan tidur merupakan masalah yang akan menimbulkan dampak buruk terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi. Kualitas tidur bayi yang baik dapat diciptakan dengan memberikan pemijatan bayi secara rutin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa pemijatan dapat mempengaruhi kualitas tidur bayi umur 0-3 bulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Quasy Eksperimental dengan metode One Group Pretest-Postest. Sampel 22 bayi yang dipilih dengan tehnik Total Sampling yang di observasi sebelum dan sesudah diberikan pemijatan. Variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitas tidur bayi 0-3 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh pijat bayi terhadap kualitas tidur bayi umur 0-3 bulan (p value  0,008 < α = 0,05).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar keluarga dan masyarakat memberikan pemijatan secara rutin dan mandiri untuk meningkatkan kebutuhan tidur bayi yang berkualitas.   ABSTRACT Sleep is a human necessity that must be met, especially in the development phase because during sleep will occur the brain and body developments, so that sleep disturbance is a problem that would cause adverse effects on infants’ growth and development. The good quality of sleep can be created by providing the infants massage routinely. This study aimed to prove that the massage could affect the quality of sleep on the 0-3 months old baby. This study used Quasy-experimental design with One Group Pretest-Posttest. The sample 22 infants selected by total sampling technique observed on before and after the massage. The variables measured in this study are the quality of sleep. The results of study indicate that there is an effect of infant massage to the sleep quality on 0-3 months old babies (p value 0,008 < α = 0,05).Based on the results of this study it recommended for the families and communities to provide infant massage regularly and independently to increase the quality of sleep on the baby.  

Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude-Modulation Following Response

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 188-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeyuki Kuwada ◽  
Julia S. Anderson ◽  
Ranjan Batra ◽  
Douglas C. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Natacha Teissier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Single Unit Recordings ◽  
Composite Response ◽  
The Brain

The scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response (AMFR)” is gaining recognition as an objective audiometric tool, but little is known about the neural sources that underlie this potential. We hypothesized, based on our human studies and single-unit recordings in animals, that the scalp-recorded AMFR reflects the interaction of multiple sources. We tested this hypothesis using an animal model, the unanesthetized rabbit. We compared AMFRs recorded from the surface of the brain at different locations and before and after the administration of agents likely to enhance or suppress neural generators. We also recorded AMFRs locally at several stations along the auditory neuraxis. We conclude that the surface-recorded AMFR is indeed a composite response from multiple brain generators. Although the response at any modulation frequency can reflect the activity of more than one generator, the AMFRs to low and high modulation frequencies appear to reflect a strong contribution from cortical and subcortical sources, respectively.

scholarly journals Experimental Assessment of Possible Factors Associated with Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine Failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
Ksenia Tuchynskaya ◽  
Viktor Volok ◽  
Victoria Illarionova ◽  
Egor Okhezin ◽  
Alexandra Polienko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
The Brain

Currently the only effective measure against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is vaccination. Despite the high efficacy of approved vaccines against TBE, rare cases of vaccine failures are well documented. Both host- and virus-related factors can account for such failures. In this work, we studied the influence of mouse strain and sex and the effects of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression on the efficacy of an inactivated TBE vaccine. We also investigated how an increased proportion of non-infectious particles in the challenge TBE virus would affect the protectivity of the vaccine. The vaccine efficacy was assessed by mortality, morbidity, levels of viral RNA in the brain of surviving mice, and neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers against the vaccine strain and the challenge virus. Two-dose vaccination protected most animals against TBE symptoms and death, and protectivity depended on strain and sex of mice. Immunosuppression decreased the vaccine efficacy in a dose-dependent manner and changed the vaccine-induced NAb spectrum. The vaccination protected mice against TBE virus neuroinvasion and persistence. However, viral RNA was detected in the brain of some asymptomatic animals at 21 and 42 dpi. Challenge with TBE virus enriched with non-infectious particles led to lower NAb titers in vaccinated mice after the challenge but did not affect the protective efficacy.

scholarly journals Using Brain-Breaks® as a Technology Tool to Increase Attitude towards Physical Activity among Students in Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Govindasamy Balasekaran ◽  
Ahmad Arif Bin Ibrahim ◽  
Ng Yew Cheo ◽  
Phua Kia Wang ◽  
Garry Kuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Students ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Brain Breaks ◽  
Student's Attitudes ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of classroom-based Brain Breaks® Physical Activity Solution in Southeast Asia Singaporean primary school students and their attitude towards physical activity (PA) over a ten-week intervention. A total of 113 participants (8–11 years old) were randomly assigned to either an experimental (EG) or a control group (CG), with six classes to each group; the Brain Breaks® group (EG: six classes) and the Control group (CG: six classes). All EG members participated in a Brain Breaks® video intervention (three–five min) during academic classes and the CG continued their lessons as per normal. The student’s attitudes towards PA in both research conditions were evaluated using the self–reported Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS), applied before and after intervention. The effects of the intervention on APAS scores were analysed using a mixed model analysis of variance with Time as within-subject and Group as between-subject factors. The analysis revealed evidence in support of the positive effect of classroom video interventions such as Brain Breaks® on student’s attitudes toward benefits, importance, learning, self-efficacy, fun, fitness, and trying to do their personal best in PA. The Brain Breaks® intervention provided a positive significant impact on students in Singapore. This study also revealed that interactive technology tools implemented into the school curriculum benefit students in terms of health and education.

scholarly journals Quintuple Deglycosylation Mutant of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 in Rhesus Macaques: Robust Primary Replication, Tightly Contained Chronic Infection, and Elicitation of Potent Immunity against the Parental Wild-Type Strain

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 4023-4028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyasu Mori ◽  
Yasuhiro Yasutomi ◽  
Shinji Ohgimoto ◽  
Tadashi Nakasone ◽  
Shiki Takamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT We previously generated a mutant of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) lacking 5 of a total of 22 N-glycans in its external envelope protein gp120 with no impairment in viral replication capability and infectivity in tissue culture cells. Here, we infected rhesus macaques with this mutant and found that it also replicated robustly in the acute phase but was tightly, though not completely, contained in the chronic phase. Thus, a critical requirement for the N-glycans for the full extent of chronic infection was demonstrated. No evidence indicating reversion to a wild type was obtained during the observation period of more than 40 weeks. Monkeys infected with the mutant were found to tolerate a challenge infection with wild-type SIV very well. Analyses of host responses following challenge revealed no neutralizing antibodies against the challenge virus but strong secondary responses of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against multiple antigens, including Gag-Pol, Nef, and Env. Thus, the quintuple deglycosylation mutant appeared to represent a novel class of SIV live attenuated vaccine.

Intraventricular injection of antibodies to β1-integrins generates pressure gradients in the brain favoring hydrocephalus development in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (5) ◽  
pp. R1312-R1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurjit Nagra ◽  
Lena Koh ◽  
Isabelle Aubert ◽  
Minhui Kim ◽  
Miles Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Intraventricular Injection ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Tissue Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Periventricular Area ◽  
The Brain

In some tissues, the injection of antibodies to the β1-integrins leads to a reduction in interstitial fluid pressure, indicating an active role for the extracellular matrix in tissue pressure regulation. If perturbations of the matrix occur in the periventricular area of the brain, a comparable lowering of interstitial pressures may induce transparenchymal pressure gradients favoring ventricular expansion. To examine this concept, we measured periventricular (parenchymal) and ventricular pressures with a servo-null micropipette system (2-μm tip) in adult Wistar rats before and after anti-integrin antibodies or IgG/IgM isotype controls were injected into a lateral ventricle. In a second group, the animals were kept for 2 wk after similar injections and after euthanization, the brains were removed and assessed for hydrocephalus. In experiments in which antibodies to β1-integrins ( n = 10) but not isotype control IgG/IgM ( n = 7) were injected, we observed a decline in periventricular pressures relative to the preinjection values. Under similar circumstances, ventricular pressures were elevated ( n = 10) and were significantly greater than those in the periventricular interstitium. We estimated ventricular to periventricular pressure gradients of up to 4.3 cmH2O. In the chronic preparations, we observed enlarged ventricles in many of the animals that received injections of anti-integrin antibodies (21 of 29 animals; 72%) but not in any animal receiving the isotype controls. We conclude that modulation/disruption of β1-integrin-matrix interactions in the brain generates pressure gradients favoring ventricular expansion, suggesting a novel mechanism for hydrocephalus development.

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