NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC STUDIES OF DEBARYOMYCES HANSENII

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Merdinger ◽  
Salem Shair
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Debaryomyces Hansenii ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Logarithmic Phase ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Esterified Sterols

The growth of strain NRRL Y-1448 of Debaryomyces hansenii was studied by using various growth media. A sodium chloride concentration of 2% to 3% and a pH of 5.5 were optimal for growth. No growth occurred below pH 4 and above pH 8. Either thiamine or biotin was required for normal growth. Growth occurred in media containing asparagine plus sodium acetate or asparagine plus citric acid but not citric acid plus acetate. Urea or ammonium sulphate were satisfactory nitrogen sources. The logarithmic phase of growth was reached twice as fast in media containing fructose as in media containing glucose. The metabolic products of growth were alcohol, acetic acid, pyruvic acid, and both free and esterified sterols.

Phosphorus Pentoxide as a Drying Agent for Bacterial Culture Extracts Analyzed by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

1976 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-605
Author(s):  
Gunnar Finne ◽  
Jack R Matches
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Phosphorus Pentoxide ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Peak Overlap ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Metabolic Products

Abstract The procedure for gas chromatographic analysis of metabolic products of microbial fermentation includes solvent extraction of the aqueous growth media, drying of the extract, and direct chromatographic analysis of the solvent. In this study, 2 drying agents, magnesium sulfate and phosphorus pentoxide, were compared. Both were effective in removing water; however, phosphorus pentoxide removed water more completely and at a faster rate than magnesium sulfate. When a thermal conductivity detector is used, it is important to completely remove water from the solvent to prevent interference with volatile acids and alcohols. When water is present, short-chain alcohols (C2–C5) are eluted together with the water, causing peak overlap and shoulder separations. Phosphorus pentoxide quickly and effectively removed water so that a baseline was established following the solvent front on the chromatogram. The use of phosphorus pentoxide is particularly advantageous for identification or fermentation studies on Clostridium and Propionibacterium when rapid identification is desired or when large numbers of cultures are to be tested.

scholarly journals Functional Analysis of the ATG8 Homologue Aoatg8 and Role of Autophagy in Differentiation and Germination in Aspergillus oryzae

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 1328-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Kikuma ◽  
Mamoru Ohneda ◽  
Manabu Arioka ◽  
Katsuhiko Kitamoto
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Oryzae ◽  
Fusion Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Aerial Hyphae ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Starvation Conditions

ABSTRACT Autophagy is a well-known degradation system, induced by nutrient starvation, in which cytoplasmic components and organelles are digested via vacuoles/lysosomes. Recently, it was reported that autophagy is involved in the turnover of cellular components, development, differentiation, immune responses, protection against pathogens, and cell death. In this study, we isolated the ATG8 gene homologue Aoatg8 from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae and visualized autophagy by the expression of DsRed2-AoAtg8 and enhanced green fluorescent protein-AoAtg8 fusion proteins in this fungus. While the fusion proteins were localized in dot structures which are preautophagosomal structure-like structures under normal growth conditions, starvation or rapamycin treatment caused their accumulation in vacuoles. DsRed2 expressed in the cytoplasm was also taken up into vacuoles under starvation conditions or during the differentiation of conidiophores and conidial germination. Deletion mutants of Aoatg8 did not form aerial hyphae and conidia, and DsRed2 was not localized in vacuoles under starvation conditions, indicating that Aoatg8 is essential for autophagy. Furthermore, Aoatg8 conditional mutants showed delayed conidial germination in the absence of nitrogen sources. These results suggest that autophagy functions in both the differentiation of aerial hyphae and in conidial germination in A. oryzae.

scholarly journals An acidic morpholine derivative containing glyceride from thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunimitsu Kaya ◽  
Fujio Shiraishi ◽  
Tetsuo Iida ◽  
Masaki Yamada ◽  
Tomoharu Sano
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Double Bond Position ◽  
Logarithmic Phase ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Morpholine Derivatives ◽  
Morpholine Derivative

AbstractA novel acidic morpholine-derivative containing glyceride (M-glyceride) was isolated from the cells of two strains of the thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium. The glyceride accounted for approximately 0.1 -0.4% of the lyophilized cells. The glyceride consisted of peaks I (85%) and II (15%). The structures of the intact and acetylated glycerides were elucidated by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC–Q/TOF) and NMR spectroscopy. The hydrate type of M-glyceride was detected as a minor component by LC–MS/MS. By 2D-NMR experiments, peaks I of the intact M-glyceride were elucidated as 1,2-didocosapentaenoyl-glyceryl-2′-oxy-3′-oxomorpholino propionic acid, and peak II was estimated 1,2-palmitoyldocosapentaenoyl- and/or 1,2-docosapentaenoylpalmitoyl-glyceryl-2′-oxy-3′-oxomorpholino propionic acid. The double bond position of docosapentaenoic acid was of the ω − 6 type (C22 = 5.ω − 6). The M-glyceride content varied by the cell cycle. The content was 0.4% of lyophilized cells at the mid logarithmic phase, and decreased to 0.1% at the mid stationary phase. When cells were grown in 1.0 µM M-glyceride-containing growth media, cell growth was stimulated to 110% of the control. With 0.1 µM acetyl M-glyceride, stimulation of 113% of the control was observed. Finding morpholine derivatives in biological components is rare, and 2-hydroxy-3-oxomorpholino propionic acid (auranic acid) is a novel morpholine derivative.

scholarly journals A Study of the Methods of Estimation of Carbohydrates, especially in Plant-extracts: A New Method for the Estimation of Maltose in presence of other Sugars.

1913 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Davis ◽  
Arthur John Daish
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Cupric Oxide ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Large Error ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Volumetric Methods

Certain sources of error encountered in the estimation of sugars in plant extracts are dealt with. Large errors in the gravimetric method may be obtained unless special care is taken in purifying the asbestos by boiling for at least 30 minutes with 20% sodium hydroxide. Weighing the reduced copper as cuprous oxide is likely to give rise to large error, and a process of weighing as cupric oxide, with certain precautions, is recommended.The volumetric methods of Ling and of Bertrand have been studied; the former is preferable in all respects to the latter, which we regard as only roughly approximate.In dealing with plant extracts, owing to the accumulation of sodium acetate in the solutions analysed, inversion by citric acid of lower concentration than 10% is generally incomplete. Inversion by invertase is, however, not interfered with by this salt. To estimate cane sugar inversion both by invertase and 10% citric acid is recommended. No loss of sugars occurs owing to the use of basic lead acetate as has been sometimes stated; the supposed loss is probably due to incomplete inversion caused by the presence of sodium acetate.It is shown by a detailed study of the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on different sugars that it is impossible completely to hydrolyse maltose at either 70° or 100° without simultaneously destroying large quantities of laevulose or dextrose.The only available method for the accurate estimation of maltose consists in the employment of special maltase-free yeasts, such as S. exiguus, S. marxiarnus or S. anomalus, introducing a correction (for pentoses, etc.) obtained by a special fermentation with baker's or brewer's yeast.6. A scheme for the quantitative estimation of sugars in plant material is given.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Effects of Equine Platelet Lysate

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Gordon ◽  
Sonsiray Álvarez-Narváez ◽  
John F. Peroni
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Platelet Lysate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
E Coli

The development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and the lack of novel antibiotic strategies to combat those bacteria is an ever-present problem in both veterinary and human medicine. The goal of this study is to evaluate platelet lysate (PL) as a biological alternative antimicrobial product. Platelet lysate is an acellular platelet-derived product rich in growth factors and cytokines that is manufactured via plateletpheresis and pooled from donor horses. In the current study, we sought to define the antimicrobial properties of PL on select gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Results from an end-point in vitro assay showed that PL did not support bacterial growth, and in fact significantly reduced bacterial content compared to normal growth media. An in vitro assay was then utilized to further determine the effects on bacterial growth dynamics and showed that all strains exhibited a slower growth rate and lower yield in the presence of PL. The specific effects of PL were unique for each bacterial strain: E. coli and P. aeruginosa growth was affected in a concentration-dependent manner, such that higher amounts of PL had a greater effect, while this was not true for S. aureus or E. faecalis. Furthermore, the onset of exponential growth was delayed for E. coli and P. aeruginosa in the presence of PL, which has significant clinical implications for developing a dosing schedule. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the potential value of PL as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial that would offer an alternative to traditional antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infection in equine species.

scholarly journals Citric Acid Production of Yeasts: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-91
Author(s):  
Bilge Sayın Börekçi ◽  
Güzin Kaban ◽  
Mükerrem Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Citric Acid Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Candida Oleophila ◽  
Microbial Strain

Abstract Background Citric acid, an intermediate product of the Krebs cycle, has a wide usage area in the food industry since it has some functions such as acidulant, flavouring agent, preservative and antioxidant. Although molds are the most commonly used microorganisms in the citric acid production, it is known that there are significant advantages of using yeasts. Purpose and scope The microbial citric acid production mechanism needs to be well understood to make production more efficient. In this study, the yeasts used in the production, fermentation types and the factors affecting production were reviewed with studies. Methodology Although production of citric acid can be produced by chemical synthesis, the fermentation is preferred because of its low cost and ease of use. More than 90% of citric acid produced in the world is obtained by fermentation. Results Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida zeylanoides and Candida oleophila are evaluated for citric acid production with substrates such as molasses, glucose, sucrose and glycerol. On the other hand, there is great interest in developing processes with new substrates and/ or microorganisms. Conclusion Although the microbial strain is an important factor, the factors such as carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen sources, aeration, the presence of trace elements and pH are also parameters affecting the production.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Temperature-Induced Mutagenesis and Mortality in Cupriavidus metallidurans

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Van Houdt ◽  
Joachim Vandecraen ◽  
Wietse Heylen ◽  
Natalie Leys ◽  
Pieter Monsieurs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Cupriavidus Metallidurans ◽  
Aberrant Phenotype ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis ◽  
Casamino Acids ◽  
Phenotypic And Genetic Characterization

Cupriavidus metallidurans strains display a decreased viability when incubated in rich medium at a temperature of 37°C compared to their normal growth temperature of 30°C, a phenomenon coined “temperature-induced mortality and mutagenesis” (TIMM). To scrutinize this aberrant phenotype further, the contributions of specific inducers and protective agents were determined. Different growth media, including lysogeny broth (LB) and Schatz, and components, including casamino acids, in particular amino acids (proline, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, leucine, histidine and phenylalanine) and ammonium, were found to induce TIMM at 37°C. Sorbitol was found to counteract TIMM. Furthermore, although TIMM is well conserved within the C. metallidurans species, multiple and strain-specific TIMM inducers exist. Twenty-nine percent of the TIMM survivors inherited resistance to TIMM. Whole-genome sequencing of two resistant derivatives revealed an important role of an uncharacterized oxidoreductase, indicating putative metabolic poisoning when grown in high-concentration nitrogen-containing media at 37°C.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic and metabolomic responses to carbon and nitrogen sources in Methylomicrobium album BG8

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Sugden ◽  
Marina Lazic ◽  
Dominic Sauvageau ◽  
Lisa Y. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Methylomicrobium Album

ABSTRACTMethanotrophs use methane as their sole carbon and energy source and represent an attractive platform for converting single-carbon feedstocks into value-added compounds. Optimizing these species for biotechnological applications involves choosing an optimal growth substrate based on an understanding of cellular responses to different nutrients. Although many studies of methanotrophs have examined growth rate, yield, and central carbon flux in cultures grown with different carbon and nitrogen sources, few studies have examined more global cellular responses to different media. Here, we evaluated global transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of Methylomicrobium album BG8 when grown with methane or methanol as the carbon source and nitrate or ammonium as the nitrogen source. We identified five key physiological changes during growth on methanol: M. album BG8 cultures upregulated transcripts for the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways for sugar catabolism, produced more ribosomes, remodeled its phospholipid membrane, activated various stress response systems, and upregulated glutathione-dependent formaldehyde detoxification. When using ammonium, M. album BG8 upregulated haoAB hydroxylamine dehydrogenase and the overall central metabolic activity; whereas when using nitrate, cultures upregulated genes for nitrate assimilation and conversion. Overall, we identified several nutrient source-specific responses that could provide a valuable basis for future research on the biotechnological optimization of these species.IMPORTANCEMethanotrophs are gaining increasing interest for their biotechnological potential to convert single-carbon compounds into value-added products such as industrial chemicals, fuels, and bioplastics. Optimizing these species for biotechnological applications requires a detailed understanding of how cellular activity and metabolism varies across different growth substrates. Although each of the two most commonly used carbon sources (methane or methanol) and nitrogen sources (ammonium or nitrate) in methanotroph growth media have well-described advantages and disadvantages in an industrial context, their effects on global cellular activity remain poorly characterized. Here, we comprehensively describe the transcriptomic and metabolomic changes that characterize the growth of an industrially promising methanotroph strain on multiple combinations of carbon and nitrogen sources. Our results represent a more holistic evaluation of cellular activity than previous studies of core metabolic pathways and provide a valuable basis for the future biotechnological optimization of these species.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Alternative Components in Growth Media of Lactobacillus brevis for Halal Probiotic Preparation

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Riyona Desvy Pratiwi ◽  
Sabighoh Zanjabila ◽  
Dian Fairuza ◽  
Aminah Aminah ◽  
Swastika Praharyawan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Standard Medium ◽  
Beef Extract ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Probiotic Preparation ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Mrs Broth

Probiotic has been widely used in functional food because of numerous advantages for health. MRS broth is commonly used as standard medium in studying lactobacilli. However, in some communities - like muslim and vegetarian society, components in MRS broth/medium become an issue. Beef extract and peptone – animal derived substances as nitrogen sources in the MRS medium should be avoided for the vegetarian. Meanwhile, for the muslim society, all components must be halal-certified including those animal derived ingredients. Therefore, several alternative sources for beef extract and peptone substitution were studied. Combination of alternative nitrogen sources was applied. In order to increase the effect of the alternative nitrogen sources, alternative carbon sources were also included. This is the first report about effects of L. brevis media components on cells growth to expression level of surface layer protein (Slp). Whey, lactose, sucrose, and galactose showed high contribution to L. brevis growth. However, the tested concentration of those substances were not sufficient to obtain equal bacterial growth and Slp expression than that of MRS broth. In addition, yeast extract appeared necessary to maintain cell wall and Slp expression.

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