CALCIUM REVERSAL OF THE HEAT SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DIPICOLINATE DEFICIENCY OF SPORES FORMED "ENDOTROPHICALLY" IN WATER

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Black ◽  
Tadayo Hashimoto ◽  
Philipp Gerhardt
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Low Concentration

Spores of Bacillus cereus strain terminalis formed "endotrophically" by transferring granular vegetative cells to distilled water were found to be relatively susceptible to heat and deficient in dipicolinic acid. Calcium ions alone, added in low concentration shortly after the cells were placed in water, could completely relieve these abnormalities. Although the water-formed spores were sensitive to heat, they were as fully resistant as normal spores to gamma radiation or phenol.

STUDIES OF ASPOROGENIC MUTANTS OF BACILLUS CEREUS: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS WITH CALCIUM AND ZINC

1962 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Cooney ◽  
D. G. Lundgren
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Culture Cycle

The physiology of spore formation was studied in Bacillus cereus and a temperature-sensitive asporogenic mutant. The parent organism sporulates when cultured in a minimal medium at either 28 °C or 37 °C while the mutant sporulates only at 28 °C. The blocking of sporulation at 37 °C has been referred to as "abortive" sporulation. Uptake of calcium and zinc was followed during growth and sporulation or "abortive" sporulation. Calcium and dipicolinic acid (DPA) levels in sporogenic cultures increased as the medium calcium was increased. The asporogenic mutant took up less calcium and synthesized little DPA. Heat resistance of spores increased as the calcium and DPA increased. Over 99% of Ca45or Zn65were released from labelled spores when autoclaved to release DPA. Chemical fractionations were made of cells labelled with Zn65and Ca45and harvested at different times during the culture cycle. Smaller percentages of calcium than of zinc were located in the cold trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction. The alcohol-soluble, ether-insoluble fraction of spores contained a greater percentage of calcium than was found in vegetative cells. Cells which had undergone "abortive" sporulation contained the same percentage of calcium in this fraction as homologous vegetative cells.

UV Resonance Raman Spectra of Bacillus Spores

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ghiamati ◽  
R. Manoharan ◽  
W. H. Nelson ◽  
J. F. Sperry
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Resonance Raman ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Resonance Enhancement ◽  
Uv Resonance Raman ◽  
Bacillus Spores ◽  
Resonance Raman Spectra

UV resonance Raman spectra of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus subtilis endospores have been excited at 222.7,230.7,242.5, and 251.1 nm, and spectra have been compared with those of vegetative cells. The resonance Raman spectra of aqueous solutions of dipicolinic acid and calcium dipicolinate have been measured at the same wavelengths. Spectra of endospores and their corresponding germinated spores show only modest differences when excited at 222, 231, and 251 nm. However, very substantial differences appear when excitation occurs at 242 nm. Difference spectra obtained at 242 nm by subtracting spectra of germinated spores of Bacillus cereus from spectra of their corresponding endospores are attributed almost entirely to dipicolinate. Vegetative cells and endospores show large spectral dissimilarities at all exciting wavelengths. These spectral differences, which vary strongly with exciting wavelength, appear to be the result of large differences in the amounts and composition of proteins and nucleic acids, especially ribosomal RNA. The very substantial resonance enhancement of Raman spectra has been obtained from aqueous solutions of pure dipicolinic acid and of sodium and calcium dipicolinate salts, as well as spores at the various exciting wavelengths. The strong enhancement of dipicolinate spectra in spores, however, was noted only with 242-nm excitation. Consequently, only with 242-nm light was it possible to selectively and sensitively excite and study calcium dipicolinate in spores. Resonance enhancement of the dipicolinate spectra with 242-nm excitation appears due primarily to resonance interactions with n-π* electronic transitions associated with the pyridine ring and/or the carboxylate group.

Control of Enterotoxic Bacillus cereus on Poultry or Red Meats and in Beef Gravy by Gamma Irradiation

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 758-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONALD W. THAYER ◽  
GLENN BOYD
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Radiation Resistance ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Logarithmic Phase ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Ground Pork ◽  
Pork Loin ◽  
Beef Round

The gamma-radiation resistance of five enterotoxic and one emetic isolate of Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and endospores was tested in mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM), ground turkey breast, ground beef round, ground pork loin and beef gravy. The D10 values for B. cereus ATCC 33018 were 0.184, 0.431 and 2.56 kGy for logarithmic-phase cells, stationary-phase cells, and endospores at 5°C on MDCM, respectively. Neither the presence nor absence of air during irradiation significantly affected radiation resistance of vegetative cells or endospores of B. cereus ATCC 33018 when present on MDCM. Irradiation temperature (−20 to +20°C) did affect the radiation resistance of stationary-phase vegetative cells and to a limited extent that of spores on MDCM. Impedance studies indicated that surviving vegetative cells were severely injured by radiation. A dose of 7.5 kGy at 5°C was required to eliminate a challenge of 4.6 × 103 B. cereus ATCC 33018 from temperature-abused MDCM (24 h at 30°C). The radiation resistance of a mixture of endospores of six strains to gamma radiation was 2.78 kGy in ground beef round, ground pork loin and beef gravy, but 1.91 kGy in turkey and MDCM. The results indicate that irradiation of meat or poultry can provide significant protection from vegetative cells but not from endospores of B. cereus.

Mutants of Bacillus cereus strain T that produce thermoresistant spores lacking dipicolinate and have low levels of calcium

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1139-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Hanson ◽  
M. V. Curry ◽  
J. V. Garner ◽  
H. Orin Halvorson
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Bacterial Endospores ◽  
Low Levels

Mutants of Bacillus cereus strain T that produce thermoresistant spores which lack dipicolinic acid and have low levels of calcium and manganese have been isolated. The thermoresistant dipicolinate-less spores lose thermoresistance upon storage in distilled water and do not germinate in any liquid medium tested. All spores germinated and produced colonies on G medium agar. It is suggested that calcium and dipicolinic acid are not required for the acquisition of thermoresistance in bacterial endospores but that they are essential to the maintenance of the thermorésistant state and are required for normal germination.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORES OF BACILLUS CEREUS PRODUCED BY A REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUE

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Ann Pelcher ◽  
H. P. Fleming ◽  
Z. John Ordal
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Fresh Medium ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Normal Complement ◽  
Strontium Barium ◽  
Replacement Technique ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship

A replacement technique, whereby spores of Bacillus cereus were produced by transferring vegetative cells into non-nutritive solutions, was employed for the investigation of the relationship between calcium, dipicolinic acid (DPA), and heat resistance in spores. Replacement solutions of distilled water, fresh medium, calcium, strontium, barium, nickel, and other metals were employed. Spores produced in distilled water were heat sensitive and contained low levels of calcium and DPA. Heat-resistant spores with a normal complement of calcium and DPA were formed only in fresh medium or in solutions containing suitable levels of calcium. Calcium and DPA were present in the spores in nearly equimolar quantities. Of the other metals tested, only strontium stimulated DPA synthesis above the level of the spores produced in water. Spores of intermediary heat resistance but low DPA content were formed in solutions of barium and nickel.

Soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase from Bacillus cereus T spores and vegetative cells. II. Properties

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1313-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Ashton ◽  
L. C. Blankenship
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Vegetative Cell ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
Flavin Mononucleotide ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Two soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) oxidases purified from extracts of Bacillus cereus T spores were compared with vegetative ceil soluble NADH2 oxidase. The minor spore component and vegetative cell soluble NADH2 oxidase reacted equally well with riboflavin or flavin mononucleotide (FMN), were inhibited by 15 mM dipicolinic acid (DPA), and possessed similar thermal inactivation characteristics at 80 °C. Activity of the major spore component was stimulated by a factor of 3.6 when riboflavin replaced FMN as the coenzyme. The major spore component was not inhibited by DPA and resisted heat treatments which inactivated vegetative cell soluble NADH2 oxidase. These observations indicate that the minor spore component and vegetative cell soluble NADH2 oxidase are identical while the major spore component is a distinct protein.

Film coating of seeds with Bacillus cereus RS87 spores for early plant growth enhancement

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 861-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchalee Jetiyanon ◽  
Sakchai Wittaya-Areekul ◽  
Pinyupa Plianbangchang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Film Coating ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus RS87 was previously reported to promote plant growth in various crops in both greenhouse and field trials. To apply as a plant growth promoting agent with practical use, it is essential to ease the burden of routine preparation of a fresh suspension of strain RS87 in laboratory. The objectives of this study were to investigate the feasibility of film-coating seeds with B. cereus RS87 spores for early plant growth enhancement and to reveal the indoleacetic acid (IAA) production released from strain RS87. The experiment consisted of the following 5 treatments: nontreated seeds, water-soaked seeds, film-coated seeds, seeds soaked with vegetative cells of strain RS87, and film-coated seeds with strain RS87 spores. Three experiments were conducted separately to assess seed emergence, root length, and plant height. Results showed that both vegetative cells and spores of strain RS87 significantly promoted (P ≤ 0.05) seed emergence, root length and plant height over the control treatments. The strain RS87 also produced IAA. In conclusion, the film coating of seeds with spores of B. cereus RS87 demonstrated early plant growth enhancement as well as seeds using their vegetative cells. IAA released from strain RS87 would be one of the mechanisms for plant growth enhancement.

Inactivation kinetics of Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores from different sources by antimicrobial photodynamic treatment (aPDT)

LWT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 111037
Author(s):  
Leonardo do Prado-Silva ◽  
Verônica O. Alvarenga ◽  
Gilberto Ú.L. Braga ◽  
Anderson S. Sant’Ana
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Inactivation Kinetics ◽  
Photodynamic Treatment ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Different Sources

scholarly journals Molecular Physiological Characterization of a High Heat Resistant Spore Forming Bacillus subtilis Food Isolate

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Tu ◽  
Peter Setlow ◽  
Stanley Brul ◽  
Gertjan Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
High Heat ◽  
High Heat Resistance ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Food Isolate ◽  
Wet Heat

Bacterial endospores (spores) are among the most resistant living forms on earth. Spores of Bacillus subtilis A163 show extremely high resistance to wet heat compared to spores of laboratory strains. In this study, we found that spores of B. subtilis A163 were indeed very wet heat resistant and released dipicolinic acid (DPA) very slowly during heat treatment. We also determined the proteome of vegetative cells and spores of B. subtilis A163 and the differences in these proteomes from those of the laboratory strain PY79, spores of which are much less heat resistant. This proteomic characterization identified 2011 proteins in spores and 1901 proteins in vegetative cells of B. subtilis A163. Surprisingly, spore morphogenic protein SpoVM had no homologs in B. subtilis A163. Comparing protein expression between these two strains uncovered 108 proteins that were differentially present in spores and 93 proteins differentially present in cells. In addition, five of the seven proteins on an operon in strain A163, which is thought to be primarily responsible for this strain’s spores high heat resistance, were also identified. These findings reveal proteomic differences of the two strains exhibiting different resistance to heat and form a basis for further mechanistic analysis of the high heat resistance of B. subtilis A163 spores.

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