THE METABOLISM OF 2-KETO-D-GLUCONATE BY RESTING CELLS OF LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
E. R. Blakley ◽  
A. C. Blackwood
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Resting Cells

The rate of utilization of 2-keto-D-gluconate and the accumulation of pentulose by resting cells of Leuconostoc mesenteroides is affected markedly by pH, Below pH 5, 2-keto-D-gluconate is utilized slowly and pentulose accumulates in the fermentation medium. The pentulose was separated by column chromatography and identified as D-xylulose and D-ribulose. The products of the fermentation of 2-keto-D-gluconate by resting cells, in addition to pentulose, are carbon dioxide, acetic acid, and lactic acid, as expected from the studies with growing cultures. The results obtained are unexpected when considered with what is known about the metabolism of 2-keto-D-gluconate by this organism.

THE METABOLISM OF 2-KETO-D-GLUCONATE BY CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ciferri ◽  
E. R. Blakley
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Acetyl Phosphate ◽  
Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Optimal Activity ◽  
Alternate Pathway ◽  
Optimum Ph

The degradation of 2-keto-D-gluconate by Leuconostoc mesenteroides is shown to proceed according to the following pathway: 2-keto-D-gluconate → 2-keto-6-phospho-D-gluconate → 6-phospho-D-gluconate → D-ribulose-5-phosphate + CO2 → D-xylulose-5-phosphate → acetyl-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.Cells grown on 2-keto-D-gluconate were shown previously to possess an adaptive and specific 2-ketogluconokinase. These cells also contained a reductase that reduced 2-keto-6-phospho-D-gluconate to 6-phospho-D-gluconate in the presence of DPNH or TPNH, 6-phospho-D-gluconate-dehydrogenase, phosphoketolase, D-ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase, and acetokinase. The 2-keto-6-phospho-D-gluconate-reductase which was also present in cells grown on D-gluconate shows optimal activity between pH 4.5 and 6.5 and is rapidly inactivated by heat. The 6-phospho-D-gluconate-dehydrogenase specific for DPN has an optimum pH between 7.2 and 7.7 and is stable when heated to 50 °C for 5 minutes.The production of carbon dioxide or pentulose-phosphate with extracts from cells grown on 2-keto-D-gluconate proceeded more rapidly with 2-keto-6-phospho-D-gluconate as the substrate than with 6-phospho-D-gluconate. This difference in rates was eliminated if a system to recycle hydrogen such as alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde or pyruvate to couple with lactic acid dehydrogenase was provided. Thus the existence of an alternate pathway for the catabolism of 2-keto-6-phospho-D-gluconate to carbon dioxide, acetic acid, and lactic acid does not appear to exist.

262. The microbiology of silage made by the addition of mineral acids to crops rich in protein

1940 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cunningham ◽  
A. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Streptococcus Lactis ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
New Type ◽  
Inactive Group

1. The microflora of A.I.V. silage consists mainly of lactic acid bacteria—lactobacilli, streptococci, micrococci and sarcinae. Some samples also contain yeasts and yeast-like organisms.2. Among the lactobacilli, both homo- and heterofermentative types are represented. The former include strains ofLactobacillus plantarum(Orla- Jensen) Bergey et. al.; in the heterofermentative groupL. brevis(Orla-Jensen) Bergey et al. has been found.3. Cultures of a motile homofermentative lactobacillus were isolated; this appears to be a new type. Among the unidentified heterofermentative lactobacilli, forms which may prove to be similar to the inactive group of Pederson were encountered.4. The homofermentative streptococci were found to belong to the Streptococcus lactis group; the heterofermentative forms were identified withLeuconostoc mesenteroides(Cienkowski) van Tieghem.5. Strains of unidentified homofermentative micrococci and sarcinae were isolated and shown to possess characteristics not usually associated with organisms of these types.6. Streptococci, micrococci and motile lactobacilli were found mainly in fodder recently ensiled; the majority of the lactobacilli and sarcinae were associated with the older samples.7. The characteristics which proved to be most valuable for the differentiations of the organisms were ability to produce carbon dioxide, percentage of lactic acid formed and lactic-acetic acid ratio.

scholarly journals Metabolism of propane-1:2-diol infused into the rumen of sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Clapperton ◽  
J. W. Czerkawski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Total Volatile

1. Propane-1:2-diol (loog/d) was infused through a cannula into the rumen of sheep receiving a ration of hay and dried grass. The concentration of volatile fatty acids, propanediol, lactic acid and of added polyethylene glycol, and the pH of the rumen contents were measured. The energy metabolism of the sheep was also determined.2. Most of the propanediol disappeared from the rumen within 4 h of its infusion. The infusion of propanediol resulted in a 10% decrease in the concentration of total volatile acids; the concentration of acetic acid decreased by about 30%, that of propionic acid increased by up to 60% and there was no change in the concentration of butyric acid.3. The methane production of the sheep decreased by about 9% after the infusion of propanediol and there were increases in the oxgyen consumption, carbon dioxide production and heat production of the animals; each of these increases was equivalent to about 40% of the theoretical value for the complete metabolism of 100 g propanediol.4. It is concluded that, when propanediol is introduced into the rumen, a proportion is metabolized in the rumen and a large proportion is absorbed directly. Our thanks are due to Dr J. H. Moore for helpful discussions, to Mr D. R. Paterson, Mr J. R. McDill and Mr C. E. Park for looking after the animals and to Miss K. M. Graham, Miss A. T. McKay and Mrs C. E. Ramage for performing the analyses.

THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-GLUCOSE-1-C14, D-ARABINOSE-1-C14, AND L-ARABINOSE-1-C14 BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
F. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Complete Conversion ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Ethanol Acetic Acid

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14 were dissimilated anaerobically by Aerobacter aerogenes. The major products (2,3-butanediol, ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, and carbon dioxide) were isolated and the location of C14 determined. The products from glucose were all labeled, mainly in the methyl groups, in agreement with the hypothesis that they were derived from methyl-labeled pyruvate formed by the reactions of the classical Embden–Meyerhof scheme for glycolysis. The products from both pentoses appeared to have been formed from pyruvate labeled in both the methyl and carboxyl groups with twice as much C14 in the methyl group as in the carboxyl group. This result may be explained quantitatively by a hypothesis assuming complete conversion of pentose to triose via a heptulose.

scholarly journals Biochemistry of waterlogged soils. Part III: Decomposition of carbohydrates with special reference to formation of organic acids

1929 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Subrahmanyan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Organic Matter Addition

(1) In absence of decomposing organic matter addition of nitrate led to no loss of nitrogen.(2) On addition of small quantities of fermentable matter such as glucose there was (a) rapid depletion of nitrates and oxygen, but no denitrification, and (b) increase in acidity, carbon dioxide and bacteria. The greater part of the soluble nitrogen was assimilated by microorganisms or otherwise converted and the greater part of the added carbohydrate was transformed into lactic, acetic and butyric acids.(3) The organic acids were formed from a variety of carbohydrates. Lactic acid was the first to be observed and appeared to be formed mainly by direct splitting of the sugar. It decomposed readily, forming acetic and butyric acids. Some acetic acid was formed by direct oxidation of lactic acid, with pyruvic acid as the intermediate product. All the acids were, on standing, converted into other forms by micro-organisms.

scholarly journals Potential Sustainable Properties of Microencapsulated Endophytic Lactic Acid Bacteria (KCC-42) in In-Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Juices and Their Fermentation Quality of Radish Kimchi

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chae Eun Song ◽  
Han Hyo Shim ◽  
Palaniselvam Kuppusamy ◽  
Young-IL Jeong ◽  
Kyung Dong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Gastrointestinal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Quality

The objective of this study was to investigate alginate microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation quality of radish kimchi sample and its potential survivability in different acidic and alkaline environments. Initially, we isolated 45 LAB strains. One of them showed fast growth pattern with potential probiotic and antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus with a zone of inhibition calculated with 10, 8, 4mm for the 4th, 5th, and 6th day, respectively. Therefore, this strain (KCC-42) was chosen for microencapsulation with alginate biopolymer. It showed potential survivability in in-vitro simulated gastrointestinal fluid and radish kimchi fermentation medium. The survival rate of this free and encapsulated LAB KCC-42 was 6.85 × 105 and 7.48× 105 CFU/ml, respectively; the viability count was significantly higher than nonencapsulated LAB in simulated gastrointestinal juices (acid, bile, and pancreatin) and under radish kimchi fermentation environment. Kimchi sample added with this encapsulated LAB showed increased production of organic acids compared to nonencapsulated LAB sample. Also, the organic acids such as lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and succinic acid production in fermented kimchi were measured 59mM, 26mM, 14mM, and 0.6mM of g/DW, respectively. The production of metabolites such as lactic acid, acetic acid, and succinic acid and the bacteria population was high in microencapsulated LAB samples compared with free bacteria added kimchi sample. Results of this study indicate that microencapsulated LAB KCC-42 might be a useful strategy to develop products for food and healthcare industries.

THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-GLUCOSE-1-C14, D-ARABINOSE-1-C14, AND L-ARABINOSE-1-C14 BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
F. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Complete Conversion ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Ethanol Acetic Acid

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14 were dissimilated anaerobically by Aerobacter aerogenes. The major products (2,3-butanediol, ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, and carbon dioxide) were isolated and the location of C14 determined. The products from glucose were all labeled, mainly in the methyl groups, in agreement with the hypothesis that they were derived from methyl-labeled pyruvate formed by the reactions of the classical Embden–Meyerhof scheme for glycolysis. The products from both pentoses appeared to have been formed from pyruvate labeled in both the methyl and carboxyl groups with twice as much C14 in the methyl group as in the carboxyl group. This result may be explained quantitatively by a hypothesis assuming complete conversion of pentose to triose via a heptulose.

THE DEGRADATION OF 2-KETO-D-GLUCONATE-C14, D-GLUCONATE-C14, AND D-FRUCTOSE-C14 BY LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Blakley ◽  
A. C. Blackwood
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Labeled Compounds ◽  
Radioactive Carbon

2-Ketogluconate, gluconate, and fructose specifically labeled with C14 were fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Radioactive carbon dioxide was recovered from the fermentation of the C-1 labeled substrates, while methyl labeled lactic acid was recovered from the C-6 labeled compounds. The results indicate that the metabolism of these compounds and that previously reported for glucose are similar. This organism can be used to degrade these compounds for the determination of C14 distribution.

THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-XYLOSE-1-C14, D-XYLOSE-2-C14, AND D-XYLOSE-5-C14 BY LEUCONOSTOC MESENTEROIDES

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 622-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Altermatt ◽  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
Lactic Acids

D-Xylose was dissimilated anaerobically by Leuconostoc mesenteroides to an equimolecular mixture of acetic and lactic acids. Xylose-1-C14 gave methyl-labelled acetic acid, xylose-2-C14 gave carboxyl-labelled acetic acid, and xylose-5-C14 gave methyl-labelled lactic acid. The amount of C14 found in any other position was less than one per cent of the total.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Property of Probiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (SE) ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Monika K. ◽  
Tanu Malik ◽  
Rakesh Gehlot ◽  
Rekha K ◽  
Anju Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Property ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Probiotic Microorganism

There is an expanding request from customers for regular antimicrobial substances that can be utilised for food safeguarding and replace the synthetic food additive. The antimicrobial development of precisely critical lactic acid microorganisms as starter cultures and various probiotics microorganisms is the guideline subject of an audit. The probiotics produce metabolites, for example, natural acids (lactic and acetic acid), hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, diacetyl, acetaldehyde, acetone, carbon dioxide, reuterin, reutericyclin, and bacteriocins, etc. The capability of utilising metabolite bacteriocin obtained from lactic acid bacteria, fundamentally utilised as bio preservatives, serves as an antimicrobial methodology for persistently expanding issues with antimicrobial obstruction. The probiotic microorganism is a useful field for the development of recombinant probiotics with antimicrobial properties. These offer the most encouraging process against the pathogen.

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