VARIABLES INFLUENCING THE PREPARATION OF INFLUENZA VACCINES WITH FORMALDEHYDE

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Large Margin ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Temperature Time

The effect of temperature, time of treatment, and the pH of the medium on the preparation of influenza vaccines with formaldehyde has been studied. It was found that both the infectivity and the hemagglutinin were destroyed more quickly as the pH was increased above pH 6 and the margin of safety that exists between virus inactivation and loss of antigenicity increased as the pH was decreased to about 6. From the experimental data it was possible to select numerous conditions of treatment which had a large margin of safety between virus inactivation and loss of antigenicity. Vaccines prepared with formaldehyde under various conditions and then lyophilized had retained their antigenicity after storage for [Formula: see text] years.

Modeling bioaugmentation with nitrifiers in membrane bioreactors

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Mannucci ◽  
Giulio Munz ◽  
Gualtiero Mori ◽  
Jacek Makinia ◽  
Claudio Lubello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Preliminary Step ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Activated Sludge Models

Bioaugmentation with nitrifiers was studied using two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors, with the purpose of assessing the suitability of state-of-the-art activated sludge models (ASMs) in predicting the efficiency of bioaugmentation as a function of operating conditions. It was demonstrated that the temperature difference between seeding and seeded reactors (ΔT) affects bioaugmentation efficiency. Experimental data were accurately predicted when ΔT was within a range of up to 10 °C at the higher range, and when the temperature was significantly lower in the seeded reactor compared to the seeding one, standard ASMs overestimated the efficiency of bioaugmentation. A modified ASM, capable of accurately representing the behavior of seeded nitrifying biomass in the presence of high ΔT, would require the inclusion of the effect of temperature time gradients on nitrifiers. A simple linear correlation between ΔT and the Arrhenius coefficient was proposed as a preliminary step.

scholarly journals DTA and TGA study of MeSo4 (Me = Fe, Co, Ni) dissociation in the presence of coke

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Boyanov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Ferrous Metals ◽  
Dissociation Temperature ◽  
Non Ferrous Metals ◽  
Temperature Time

MeSO4 (Me = Fe, Co, Ni) dissociation is investigated in order to estimate the effect of temperature, time and presence of coke as reducer on the degree and mechanism of dissociation. It is proved that the presence of coke decreases the dissociation temperature considerably and increases the degree of MeSO4 dissociation. Based on the obtained experimental data, a mechanism of the processes is proposed. The obtained results can be used in the industrial production of non-ferrous metals for explaining the processes that take place in the reduction of zinc and lead cakes in order to achieve favorable environmental, technical and economic results.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU DAN WAKTU MASERASI TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Dimas Anggi Ananta ◽  
G.P. Ganda Putra ◽  
I Wayan Arnata
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Temperature Time

Cocoa pod husk is a by-product of cocoa processing which is quite abundant and has not been used optimally. Cacao pod husk can be used more optimally by extracting, its content of polyphenol compounds which can be used as natural antioxidants. The aim of this study were to determine the effect of temperature and maceration time of cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants and to determine the best type of temperature and maceration time to produce cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants. This experiment was designed by using factorial randomized block design. The first factor was type of maceration temperature consisting of 30±2°C, 45±2°C and 60±2°C. The second factor was maceration time, which were done for 24, 36 and 48 h. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance and continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the temperature and time of maceration had a very significant effect on yield, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of cocoa pod husk extract. Interactions between treatments had a very significant effect on total phenolic and antioxidant capacity but did not significantly affect the yield of cocoa pod husk extract. The best treatment for producing cocoa pod husk extract as a source of antioxidants was using maceration temperature 60±2°C and maceration time for 36 h with yield characteristics 5,28±0,15%, total phenolic at 168.16±0,06 mg GAE/g and capacity antioxidant 130.94±0.84 mg GAEAC/g. Keywords: Cocoa pod husk, extraction, temperature, time, antioxidants.

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE-TIME CYCLES IN THE POLYMERISATION OF CR-39 ON THE UNIFORMITY OF TRACK RESPONSE

1980 ◽  
pp. 437-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.H. Fowler ◽  
V.M. Clapham ◽  
D.L. Henshaw ◽  
D. O'Sullivan ◽  
A. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Time

scholarly journals Temperature Effect on the Compressive Behavior and Constitutive Model of Plain Hardened Concrete

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman El-Zohairy ◽  
Hunter Hammontree ◽  
Eddie Oh ◽  
Perry Moler
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Ultimate Strain ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Compressive Behavior ◽  
Stress Strain

Concrete is one of the most common and versatile construction materials and has been used under a wide range of environmental conditions. Temperature is one of them, which significantly affects the performance of concrete, and therefore, a careful evaluation of the effect of temperature on concrete cannot be overemphasized. In this study, an overview of the temperature effect on the compressive behavior of plain hardened concrete is experimentally provided. Concrete cylinders were prepared, cured, and stored under different temperature conditions to be tested under compression. The stress–strain curve, mode of failure, compressive strength, ultimate strain, and modulus of elasticity of concrete were evaluated between the ages of 7 and 90 days. The experimental results were used to propose constitutive models to predict the mechanical properties of concrete under the effect of temperature. Moreover, previous constitutive models were examined to capture the stress–strain relationships of concrete under the effect of temperature. Based on the experimental data and the proposed models, concrete lost 10–20% of its original compressive strength when heated to 100 °C and 30–40% at 260 °C. The previous constitutive models for stress–strain relationships of concrete at normal temperatures can be used to capture these relationships under the effect of temperature by using the compressive strength, ultimate strain, and modulus of elasticity affected by temperature. The effect of temperature on the modulus of elasticity of concrete was considered in the ACI 318-14 equation by using the compressive strength affected by temperature and the results showed good agreement with the experimental data.

Effect of temperature, time and glycerol concentration on the dehydration and rehydration process of Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae in alginate granule formulation

Nematology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Eivazian Kary ◽  
Samira Chahardoli ◽  
Davoud Mohammadi ◽  
Aoife B. Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Glycerol Solution ◽  
Glycerol Concentration ◽  
Granule Formulation ◽  
Osmotic Solution ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Rehydration Process ◽  
Different Levels

The osmotic responses ofSteinernema carpocapsaeandS. feltiaein terms of dehydration and rehydration in the presence of calcium alginate and formaldehyde were studied. Infective juveniles (IJ) were exposed to different levels of osmotic concentrations, temperatures and dehydration periods and survival of immobilised IJ was quantified. Osmotic responses showed significant differences and the highest numbers of osmotically dehydratedS. feltiaeandS. carpocapsaeIJ were recorded at 14 and 12% glycerol solution, respectively. Mean percentage of rehydrated IJ was significantly higher when dehydration was processed in 22% glycerol solution. Alginate-formulated IJ showed significantly different survival rates depending on the IJ state (dehydrated or non-dehydrated) and the presence of antimicrobial agent. In addition to optimising alginate formulation, the results demonstrate that the concentration of osmotic solution not only determines the percentage of dehydrated IJ, but also their recovery rate during rehydration. By adding formaldehyde, considerable increases were observed in IJ survival.

Calibration of External Heat Transfer Coefficients During Cooling of a Partially-Filled Water Tank Using Measured Temperature-Time Data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Ramesh ◽  
Sandip Mazumder ◽  
Gurpreet Matharu ◽  
Dhaval Vaishnav ◽  
Syed Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Temperature Time

A combined Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and experimental approach is presented to determine (calibrate) the external convective heat transfer coefficients (h) around a partially-filled water tank cooled in a climactic chamber. A CFD analysis that includes natural convection in both phases (water and air) was performed using a 2D-axisymmetric tank model with three prescribed average heat transfer coefficients for the top, side and bottom walls of the tank. The commercial CFD code ANSYS-Fluent™, along with User-Defined Functions (UDFs), were utilized to compute and extract temperature vs. time curves at five different thermocouple locations within the tank. The prescribed h values were then altered to match experimentally obtained temperature-time data at the same locations. The calibration was deemed successful when results from the simulations exhibited match with experimental data within ±2°C for all thermocouples. The calibrated h values were finally used in full-scale 3D simulations and compared to the experimental data to test their accuracy. Predicted 3D results were found to agree with experimental results within the error of the calibration, thereby lending credibility to the overall approach.

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