LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS INFECTION OF MICE AS A MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF LATENT VIRUS INFECTION

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Hotchin ◽  
M. Cinits
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Mouse Tissue ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cytopathogenic Effect

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus has been used to set up a model of a latent virus infection in mice. It has been shown to be possible to induce reproducible virus infections in mice which remain completely symptom-free in spite of levels of viral growth equal to those found in the sick animal, by the inoculation of mice within a few hours of birth. This is a convenient method of producing a latent infection in the mice. The effect of the age of the mice at the time of intracerebral inoculation was studied with respect to the pattern of disease produced. Several methods were tried without success in order to induce overt disease in the latently infected animals. The virus did not cause any demonstrable cytopathogenic effect on mouse tissue and several other types of animal tissue. A slight cytopathogenic effect was observed in a strain of human cells in vitro. Virus persisted for weeks in some of the tissue cultures, without damaging the tissue but with the production of active virus. The bearing of the results obtained is discussed in relationship to current concepts of latent virus infection and particularly immunological tolerance. A concept of a special variety of latency is introduced and the name "vital" infection suggested for this.

scholarly journals Changes in hemopoiesis during the course of acute LCM virus infection in mice

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Bro-Jorgensen ◽  
S Knudtzon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Hemopoietic Precursor Cells ◽  
Previous Demonstration ◽  
Stimulating Factor ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Although severe hematologic and immunologic disorders occur in several viral infections, insight into the mechanisms by which viruses may affect hemopoietic tissues is poor. The previous demonstration of distinct immunohemopoietic lesions in mice with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection has led us to investigate the function of hemopoietic precursor cells in the course of this experimental infection. During the first week of infection, there was profound suppression of pluripotential stem cell (CFU) and in vitro colony-forming cell (CFU) compartments, and of 59Fe uptake into hemopoietic tissues. During the same period, we found enhanced activity of colony-stimulating factor, lack of responsiveness to erythropoietin, and appreciable titers of interferon in blood and spleen. After day 10 post infection, there was a striking increase in CFU and 59Fe uptake confined to spleen and blood. Restoration of bone marrow, however, was markedly delayed. With reference to recent studies on interferon, and the findings in mice with persistent LCM virus infection, we suggest that interferon may be the comprehensive suppressor of the hemopoietic precursor cells in the first stage of acute LCM virus infection, and that these cells in the recovery period are directed preferentially into erythropoiesis.

scholarly journals Changes in hemopoiesis during the course of acute LCM virus infection in mice

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Bro-Jorgensen ◽  
S Knudtzon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Hemopoietic Precursor Cells ◽  
Previous Demonstration ◽  
Stimulating Factor ◽  
Insight Into

Although severe hematologic and immunologic disorders occur in several viral infections, insight into the mechanisms by which viruses may affect hemopoietic tissues is poor. The previous demonstration of distinct immunohemopoietic lesions in mice with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection has led us to investigate the function of hemopoietic precursor cells in the course of this experimental infection. During the first week of infection, there was profound suppression of pluripotential stem cell (CFU) and in vitro colony-forming cell (CFU) compartments, and of 59Fe uptake into hemopoietic tissues. During the same period, we found enhanced activity of colony-stimulating factor, lack of responsiveness to erythropoietin, and appreciable titers of interferon in blood and spleen. After day 10 post infection, there was a striking increase in CFU and 59Fe uptake confined to spleen and blood. Restoration of bone marrow, however, was markedly delayed. With reference to recent studies on interferon, and the findings in mice with persistent LCM virus infection, we suggest that interferon may be the comprehensive suppressor of the hemopoietic precursor cells in the first stage of acute LCM virus infection, and that these cells in the recovery period are directed preferentially into erythropoiesis.

The Frequency of Occurrence of Koxakie-Viruses at the Patients with Hematological Malignancies and Pulmonary Infections.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 3861-3861
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Domnikova ◽  
Elena V. Bryakotnina ◽  
Alexandr N. Evstropov
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Infectious Complication ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Pulmonary Infections ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cytopathogenic Effect ◽  
Made In

Abstract Aim: To determine frequency of occurrence of Koxakie-viruses at the patients with hematological malignancies and pulmonary infections. Methods: A total 53 patients with hematological malignancies and pulmonary infections, admitted of the Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Hospital were examined. The analysis of serum in first three days was carried out at occurrence of attributes of pulmonary infection (1-st serum) and in dynamics - in 3 weeks from a beginning of an infection (2-nd serum). Definition of antibodies to a virus Koxakie-B3 (strain “Nancy”) was made in reaction of neutralization in 3-daily cultures Hep-2. Results took into account after approach of cytopathogenic effect in cultures Hep-2, containing 100 dozes of a virus in control titration. Limiting cultivation of serum, neutralizing of 100 cytopathogenic dozes of a virus, was considered as its titer. Results: At 43 of 53 examined patients on admission or in a debut of an infection (at the patients with the developed infectious complication) the neutralized antibodies to a virus Koxakie-B3 were found out in serum. Thus the titer of antibodies from 1:4 up to 1:8 was revealed at 28 patients, at 14 it has made 1:16 – 1:32 and only at one patient on admission the titer of antibodies to a virus Koxakie B3 was 1:64. The total titer of virusneutrolized antibodies on admission or in a debut of an infection was accordingly 2,03 log2 and 2,84 log2. At research of serum taken after three weeks of stay in hospital of the patients, at which the infection was not developed (after a beginning of an infection at the patients with the developed infectious complication), in both groups the increase of a titer of antibodies in 1,97 and 1,5 times was marked, accordingly, and the total titer of antibodies in log2 has made 4,0 and 4,3. It is necessary to take into account, however, that at an estimation of serologic status at virus infections the absolute parameters of antibodies titers, how many their growth in pair serums matter not so much. Thus, authentic confirmation of the current virus infection is the increase of a titer of antibodies in dynamics in 4 times and more. The essential distinctions between two chosen groups were here again revealed. And, in group with hematological malignancies without infectious complications the four-multiple increase of a antibodies titer was marked only at 4 of 26 patients, and in group with infectious complications the authentic growth of a level of antibodies to a virus Koxakie-B3 was marked more than at half of surveyed patients (15 of 27), OR=6,88; 95%CI=1,61–31,87. Conclusions: On the basis of the received results it is possible to conclude, that Koxakie B3 - virus infection is the factor enough frequently accompanying clinical current of pulmonary infections in patients with hematological malignancies.

scholarly journals Specificity, Ly phenotype, and H-2 compatibility requirements of effector cells in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to murine influenza virus infection.

1980 ◽  
Vol 151 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
K N Leung ◽  
G L Ada ◽  
I F McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
D Region ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection ◽  
Strain Virus

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to infectious and to noninfectious (UV-irradiated) influenza A viral preparations was measured in mice by the increase in footpad swelling 24 h after injection of the eliciting virus. DTH mice sensitized with noninfectious virus was elicited only by virus that shared hemagglutinin specificity with the sensitizing virus, whereas footpad injection of a given A-strain virus (A/WSN) could elicit DTH in mice sensitized with a variety of infectious A-strain viruses, including some not sharing hemagglutinin or neuraminidase specificities. The effector T cells generated in mice sensitized with either form of virus were sensitive to anti-Ly 1.1 serum and complement, but not to anti-Ly 2.1 serum and complement. Adoptive transfer of DTH was H-2 restricted. With spleen cells from mice sensitized subcutaneously with either infectious or noninfectious virus, sharing of the IA region was both necessary and sufficient for successful transfer to occur. Cells recovered from infected mouse lungs, and secondary effector cells generated in vitro transferred DTH if injected into the footpad with the eliciting virus. The effector cells had the Ly 1 phenotype, and, in both cases, the cells were I restricted. These results contrast with earlier findings that transfer of DTH to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection required K- or D-region sharing between donor and recipient. Thus, the earlier hypothesis that multiplying infectious agents such as viruses would "alter" K- or D-coded, rather than I-coded, structures is not generally correct.

scholarly journals Virus-specific CD8+ cells can switch to interleukin 5 production and induce airway eosinophilia.

1995 ◽  
Vol 181 (3) ◽  
pp. 1229-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Coyle ◽  
F Erard ◽  
C Bertrand ◽  
S Walti ◽  
H Pircher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Eosinophil Infiltration ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Cd8 Cells

Virus infections of the lung are thought to predispose individuals to asthma, a disease characterized by eosinophil infiltration of the airways. CD8+ T cells are an important part of the host response to virus infection, however, they have no reported role in eosinophil recruitment. We developed a mouse model of virus peptide-stimulated CD8+ T cell immune responses in the lung. We found that bystander CD4+ T helper cell type 2 immune responses to ovalbumin switched the virus peptide-specific CD8+ T cells in the lung to interleukin (IL) 5 production. Furthermore, when such IL-5-producing CD8 T cells were challenged via the airways with virus peptide, a significant eosinophil infiltration was induced. In vitro studies indicated that IL-4 could switch the virus-specific CD8+ T cells to IL-5 production. These results could explain the link between virus infection and acute exacerbation of asthma and, perhaps more importantly, they indicate an IL-4-dependent mechanism that would impair CD8+ T cell responses and delay viral clearance from the host.

A Heparin-coated Circuit Maintains Platelet Aggregability in Response to Shear Stress in an In Vitro Model of Cardiopulmonary Bypass

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (09) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Hioki ◽  
K. Onoda ◽  
T. Shimono ◽  
H. Shimpo ◽  
K. Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Membrane Skeleton ◽  
Platelet Glycoprotein ◽  
Platelet Surface ◽  
Platelet Aggregability ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Platelet Defects ◽  
Set Up

SummaryAlterations in platelet aggregability may play a role in the pathogenesis of qualitative platelet defects associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We circulated fresh heparinized whole blood through tubing sets coated with heparin (C group, n = 10) and through non-coated sets (N group, n = 10) as a simulated CPB circuit. Shear stress (108 dyne/cm2)-induced platelet aggregation (hSIPA), plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity and platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib expression were measured, before, during, and after this in vitro set up of circulation. In the two groups, the extent of hSIPA significantly decreased during circulation and was partially restored after circulation. Decreases in the extent of hSIPA were significantly less with use of heparin-coated circuits. There was an equivalent reduction in plasma vWF activity, in the two groups. Expression of platelet surface GP Ib decreased significantly during circulation and recovered after circulation. Reduction of surface GP Ib expression during circulation was significantly less in the C group than that in the N group. Decrease in surface GP Ib expression correlated (r = 0.88 in either group) with the magnitude of hSIPA, in the two groups. The progressive removal of surface GP Ib was mainly attributed to redistribution of GP Ib from the membrane skeleton into the cytoskeleton. Our observations suggest that use of heparin-coated circuits partly blocks the reduction of hSIPA, as a result of a lesser degree of redistribution of GP Ib.

Rapid, Refined, and Robust Method for Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Recombinant Human Amyloid-beta M1-42

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Prakash ◽  
Travis Lantz ◽  
Krupal P. Jethava ◽  
Gaurav Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Short Time

Amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients primarily consists of amyloid beta 1-42 (Ab42). Commercially, Ab42 is synthetized using peptide synthesizers. We describe a robust methodology for expression of recombinant human Ab(M1-42) in Rosetta(DE3)pLysS and BL21(DE3)pLysS competent E. coli with refined and rapid analytical purification techniques. The peptide is isolated and purified from the transformed cells using an optimized set-up for reverse-phase HPLC protocol, using commonly available C18 columns, yielding high amounts of peptide (~15-20 mg per 1 L culture) in a short time. The recombinant Ab(M1-42) forms characteristic aggregates similar to synthetic Ab42 aggregates as verified by western blots and atomic force microscopy to warrant future biological use. Our rapid, refined, and robust technique to purify human Ab(M1-42) can be used to synthesize chemical probes for several downstream in vitro and in vivo assays to facilitate AD research.

Plant Biotechnology Workshop for High School Students

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 504e-504
Author(s):  
Erika Szendrak ◽  
Paul E. Read ◽  
Jon S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
High School Biology ◽  
School Students ◽  
Subsequent Transformation ◽  
Set Up

Modern aspects of many subjects (e.g., computer science and some aspects of medical science) are now taught in many high schools, but the plant sciences are often given short shrift. A collaboration was therefore established with a high school biology program in which pilot workshops could be developed to enable advanced students to gain insights into modern plant science techniques. A successful example is the workshop on plant biotechnology presented in this report. This workshop is simple and flexible, taking into account that most high school biology laboratories and classrooms are not set up for sophisticated plant science/biotechnology projects. It is suitable for from 10 to 30 students, depending upon space and facilities available. Students work in pairs or trios, and learn simple disinfestation and transfer techniques for micropropagation and potential subsequent transformation treatments. Students gain insights into: sterile technique and hygiene; plant hormones and their physiological effects; plant cell, tissue and organ culture; the influence of environmental factors on response of cells and tissues cultured in vitro; and an understanding of the phenomenon of organogenesis and resulting plant growth and development. This workshop has been tested on several classes of students and following analysis, several refinements were included in subsequent iterations. Results of the students' experiments have been positive and instructive, with student learning outcomes above expectations. Further details of the workshop techniques and approach will be presented.

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