Numerical computation of river ice jams

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beltaos
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Seepage Flow ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Natural Stream ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Made In

A numerical model called RIVJAM has been developed to compute the configuration of and water levels caused by ice jams of the "wide" kind, under natural stream conditions and regardless of whether the jam has attained its full potential, known as equilibrium. Account of seepage flow through the voids of the jam enables predictions of grounding conditions to be made, in accord with observations. The model is applied to three case studies of ice jam events and found to perform satisfactorily. The various model coefficients fall within the expected ranges, with the exception of a parameter characterizing the intensity of seepage flow. More field data are needed to elucidate this matter. Key words: grounding, ice, jam, model, numerical, river, seepage, thickness, toe, wide.

Ice jam mitigation

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold S. Belore ◽  
Brian C. Burrell ◽  
Spyros Beltaos
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Ice Breakup

In Canada, flooding due to the rise in water levels upstream of an ice jam, or the temporary exceedance of the flow and ice-carrying capacity of a channel upon release of an ice jam, has resulted in the loss of human life and extensive economic losses. Ice jam mitigation is a component of river ice management which includes all activities carried out to prevent or remove ice jams, or to reduce the damages that may result from an ice jam event. This paper presents a brief overview of measures to mitigate the damaging effects of ice jams and contains a discussion on their application to Canadian rivers. Key words: controlled ice breakup, flood control, ice jams, ice management, river ice.

scholarly journals Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory Models for Ice-Jam Prediction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemehalsadat Madaeni ◽  
Karem Chokmani ◽  
Rachid Lhissou ◽  
Saeid Homayuni ◽  
Yves Gauthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Multivariate Time Series ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Time Series Classification ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

Abstract. In cold regions, ice-jam events result in severe flooding due to a rapid rise in water levels upstream of the jam. These floods threaten human safety and damage properties and infrastructures as the floods resulting from ice-jams are sudden. Hence, the ice-jam prediction tools can give an early warning to increase response time and minimize the possible corresponding damages. However, the ice-jam prediction has always been a challenging problem as there is no analytical method available for this purpose. Nonetheless, ice jams form when some hydro-meteorological conditions happen, a few hours to a few days before the event. The ice-jam prediction problem can be considered as a binary multivariate time-series classification. Deep learning techniques have been successfully applied for time-series classification in many fields such as finance, engineering, weather forecasting, and medicine. In this research, we successfully applied CNN, LSTM, and combined CN-LSTM networks for ice-jam prediction for all the rivers in Quebec. The results show that the CN-LSTM model yields the best results in the validation and generalization with F1 scores of 0.82 and 0.91, respectively. This demonstrates that CNN and LSTM models are complementary, and a combination of them further improves classification.

Flow through the voids of breakup ice jams

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spyros Beltaos
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Integral Method ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Flow Through

Flow through the voids of breakup ice jams can be a major portion of the total river discharge, especially where the jam is so thick as to be grounded. Very little information is available on this question; it is derived from laboratory tests or from numerical modelling applications, and there is a discrepancy between respective seepage coefficients. A field program has been carried out to measure the flow through the voids in ice jams by taking advantage of favourable access conditions created by an ice-retention structure on the Credit River. The data obtained during two breakup events are described and an integral method of analysis is developed to identify areas of grounding and determine seepage coefficients. Values of the latter are in agreement with those deduced by numerical modelling.Key words: flow, ice jam, modelling, seepage, voids.

Phreatic Water Surface Profiles along Ice Jams – An Experimental Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raafat G. Saadé ◽  
Semaan Sarraf
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Phreatic Water ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Water Surface Profile ◽  
Ice Floes

In Northern Regions, the formation of ice jams along many rivers is a common phenomena. These ice jams may occur during the freeze-up and more importantly during the spring break-up period. Ice jams in general have considerable effects on the water levels because they alter the water surface profile for stretches of tens of kilometers along the rivers. As a consequence, water levels increase significantly upstream of the ice jam and result in the flooding of towns situated along the river banks. Knowledge of the water levels within an ice jam can be used to estimate many parameters that are difficult to measure and observe. Examples of such parameters are the local and global ice jam resistance to the flow, and forces acting within an ice jam. While ice jams are notorious causes of serious problems in hydraulic engineering, very little engineering methodology exists to deal with such problems. In this paper, the results of a laboratory study aimed at investigating the development of the water surface profile along an ice jam that is lodged in place, are analyzed and presented. A rectangular flume with a horizontal bed was used for the experiments. Twelve experiments carried out under different geometrical, hydrodynamic and ice conditions, were analysed. A simulated floating ice cover was used to arrest the downstream transport of the ice floes, forming the ice jams. The experiments indicate two types of ice jams, those that are floating and others that are lodged at one or more locations along their length. The phreatic water level along a floating ice jam is up to 0.92 the ice jam thickness. This is not true when an ice jam is lodged in place. Different experiments have shown that the water surface profile along a lodged ice jam follows similar tendencies regardless of the geometry, ice floe size distribution and hydrodynamic conditions. It was found that the phreatic water level varies linearly from the trailing edge of the ice jam up to approximately 90% of its length downstream. Towards the remaining part of the jam's length the water level follows a cubic polynomial line.

Surges from ice jam releases: a case study

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beltaos ◽  
B. G. Krishnappan
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Ice Water

Accounts by witnesses of spring ice breakup in rivers often mention violent ice runs with extreme water speeds and rapidly rising water levels. Such events are believed to follow the release of major ice jams. To gain preliminary understanding of this problem, an attempt is made to reconstruct a partially documented ice jam release reported recently by others. The equations of the ice–water flow that occurs after the release of an ice jam are formulated. It is shown that the problem may be approximately treated as a one-dimensional, unsteady, water-only flow of total depth identical to that of the ice–water flow, and average velocity. The retarding effect of the frequently encountered intact ice cover below the jam is considered implicitly, that is, by adjusting the friction factor so as to make the predicted and observed downstream stages equal. The effects of jam length are considered next by assuming longer jams of the same maximum water depth. The duration of the surging velocities increases with jam length and so does the peak stage. Less than 2 h after the jam release the surge was arrested and a new jam formed, causing further stage increases. Present capabilities of modelling the reformation process are discussed and the major unknowns identified.

Analysis of breakup and ice jams on the Athabasca River at Fort McMurray, Alberta

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Andres ◽  
P. F. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Athabasca River ◽  
Fort Mcmurray ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Clearwater River

During breakup, severe ice jams form at Fort McMurray, Alberta because of the dramatic change in the character of the Athabasca River at that location. Such jams, which produce water levels in the order of 10 m above the normal open water stage, were documented in 1977, 1978, and 1979. Additional channel surveys and improved estimates of discharge made since the initial analysis have redefined the ice jam characteristics. The Manning roughness coefficient of the underside of the ice jams was found to be 0.072. The new discharge estimates, which were up to twice those previously reported, result in a calculated coefficient of internal friction of 0.8–2.7. This is 30–100% greater than previous estimates, but still similar to values determined for ice jams at other locations.Even with the variation in the coefficient of internal friction, the river stage due to an ice jam at Fort McMurray could be computed with reasonable accuracy for a range of given discharges. If jams form downstream of the mouth of the Clearwater River at discharges greater than 800 m3/s (considerably less than the 1-in-2-year open water flood), flooding will occur within lower Fort McMurray. Unfortunately, the frequency of such an event is unknown because the probabilities of both the discharge being exceeded and the jam occurrence cannot be defined. Key words: ice, breakup, ice jam, ice roughness, flooding, hydraulics.

Ice-jam floods modeling in frameworks of intelligent system for river monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Krylenko ◽  
Andrey Alabyan ◽  
Viacheslav Zelentsov ◽  
Vitaly Belikov ◽  
Alexey Sazonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrodynamic Model ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Flood Forecasting ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
The City

<p>This paper presents the research results related to the development of an intelligent system for monitoring and assessing the state of natural systems (PROSTOR), which was tested in the area from the city of Velikiy Ustyug to the city of Kotlas on the Northern Dvina River. It is one of the most vulnerable places in Russia to spring snow-melt and ice-jams induced floods.</p><p>The proposed automated flood forecasting technology is based on the concept of a multi-model description of complex natural objects implementing a mechanism of the selection and adaptation of parameters of the most adequate model for each specific situation. The computational core of PROSTOR is the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model STREAM_2D and its newer version STREAM_2D_CUDA based on the numerical solution of the shallow water equations with discontinuous bottom. Additional hydraulic resistance due to the ice roughness and decrease in the flow cross-section due to ice-caused congestion were taken into account for modeling the ice-jams water levels. The forecasting capabilities of the system are secured by the prediction of water levels at the gauging stations located upstream from Velikiy Ustyug basing either on neural networks, or by means of linking with the runoff formation model ECOMAG and using prognostic meteorological information.</p><p>The system was built with the use of a service-oriented architecture, that provides flexible interaction between software modules, implementing hydrodynamic and hydrological models; modules of collecting and processing of heterogeneous data, including data from gauging stations and remote sensing data; control modules, etc. All system components are realized as web services and can be geographically distributed and localized in various organizations, cities and countries. All results of the system implementation, including the results of flooded zones calculations, flow parameters there, as well as satellite images are available via the geoportal.</p><p>Models parameters were justified on the base of numerical experiments and simulations of the floods of 1980-2016 period, including more than 18 significant cases of ice-jamming. Grouping of model parameters according to the height of the ice-jam induced water levels suggested for the implementation of the hydrodynamic model incorporated into intelligent information system of river floods monitoring. Operational flood forecasting mode of the system was tested during 2017 – 2019 years under support of Russian Science Foundation project № 17-11-01254.</p>

Hydroclimatic aspects of ice jam flooding near Perth-Andover, New Brunswick

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 686-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beltaos ◽  
B.C. Burrell
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Area Model ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Saint John ◽  
Flow Information ◽  
The 1950S

Major ice jam floods occurred along the Saint John River at Perth-Andover, New Brunswick, in 1976, 1987, 1993, 2009, and 2012. These floods have been devastating and resulted in relocation or demolition of many buildings in affected areas of the community. The purpose of this paper is to review ice processes along the Saint John River from Grand Falls to Beechwood Dam and their relevance to the ice-related problems that have occurred in Perth-Andover. The HEC-RAS program was chosen for ice jam flood stage computations, and cross-sectional, roughness and flow information entered to create a model of the study reach. The model was calibrated using field data obtained on 31 March 2000 along an ice jam in the Perth-Andover area. Model applications resulted in stage-discharge relationships for ice jams of different lengths and locations within the study stretch (Beechwood Dam to Grand Falls). These relationships indicate that ice jams can cause flooding at Perth-Andover, even with moderate spring breakup flows. The variation of ice jamming potential along the study stretch, and its relation to reservoir bathymetry and slope, are discussed. The increase in the number and severity of ice jam floods that have affected Perth-Andover may have resulted from changes in infrastructure and climate that have occurred since the 1950s. Local ice problems are likely to be aggravated over the next few decades but tempered in the longer term if the climate continues to change according to current projections.

Heat and mass balance of an ablating ice jam

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Prowse
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Theoretical Methods ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Ice Breakup ◽  
Atmospheric Heat

This paper reports on the heat and mass balance of an ablating ice jam at the confluence of the Liard and Mackenzie rivers in the spring of 1983. From May 6 to May 9, sufficient data were collected to determine the magnitude and relative importance of the major heat fluxes that caused thermal decay of the ice jam. The total atmospheric heat input of 1.25 × 108 MJ and the much larger contribution from hydrothermal sources of 9.80 × 109 MJ resulted in a total melt of 3.24 × 107 m3 of ice within the jam. These data in combination with previous results regarding jam dimensions permitted calculation of ice jam porosity, a variable frequently used in hydraulic studies of river ice jams although unverified by field data. The largest potential error in the calculations was related to the accuracy of water temperature measurement. Accounting for this resulted in an estimate of porosity of 0.38 ± 10% which lends credence to the commonly assumed value of 0.40. Details of the field conditions, instrumentation, theoretical methods, and results of the energy and mass balance analyses are described. Key words: floating ice, ice breakup, ice jams, ice melt, ice porisity.

Seepage flow through simulated grounded ice jam

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 926-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wong ◽  
S. Beltaos ◽  
B. G. Krishnappan
Keyword(s):  
Unsteady Flow ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Seepage Flow ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Water Depths

Laboratory tests were conducted to study the seepage flow conditions through a simulated grounded jam. Results indicated that nonlaminar seepage predominates and that the resulting relationship between the local flow and the upstream and downstream water depths may be applied to both steady and unsteady flow conditions.

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