Canada's urban infrastructure: rehabilitation needs and approaches

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Adams ◽  
G. W. Heinke
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Infrastructure Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Needs ◽  
Management Alternatives

This paper reports on the results of a survey conducted for the Federation of Canadian Municipalities on the condition of urban infrastructure in Canadian cities and towns. The major emphasis was on roads, bridges, sewage collection and treatment, and water distribution and treatment systems. The Canadian findings are also compared with the reported U.S. situation. Although not as serious as in the U.S. cities, the survey shows that a significant decline has occurred in the condition of some infrastructure systems in Canadian urban areas. Costs to bring the most seriously deteriorated components of infrastructure (roads, bridges, sewer and water systems) back to acceptable levels are high. Even when spread over a 10-year recovery period, these costs will require an increase in current public works budgets of about 25%.Following the discussion of the state of urban infrastructure in Canada, the paper addresses approaches necessary to obtain optimum value for funds spent on rehabilitation of infrastructure. The need for rehabilitation must distinguish between structural and capacity inadequacies. Alternatives for rehabilitation must include both the engineering alternatives through repair, renovation, and replacement of systems and the management alternatives obtained through operational changes in the system and through changes in system demands. It is both desirable and possible to select engineering and (or) management alternatives on the basis of economic evaluations which trade off the cost of rehabilitation alternatives against the benefits from performance improvements, including the time staging or sequencing of alternatives. Key words: urban infrastructure, infrastructure deterioration, rehabilitation, alternatives, alternative evaluation.

Water Ownership and Governance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Babidge
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Key Sites

Water governance refers to the material and regulatory control of water and waters. It involves questions such as who makes decisions about water and how; at what scale such decisions are made in relation to different waters; and who and which water or ecosystem benefits. Classical work in anthropology considered how irrigation practices may have given rise to the development of state forms, and in response to early-21st-century privatization regimes, anthropologists have considered how different groups have challenged the apparent global dominance of commodity values and water as property. Infrastructures for water distribution in urban areas (such as systems of canals, pipes, and faucets), and considerations of the sociocultural effects of hydrological unit delineation and definition (e.g., groundwater or river “basins”) have become key sites for the ethnographic investigation of water governance, emerging forms of personhood, and societal inequalities. The diversity in anthropologies of water unsettles generalized models in global regimes of water governance. The anthropology of water governance and ownership considers the context and contingencies of water and power. It reveals the global dominance of markets, rights, and technical approaches to water management, such as the case of “private water” in Chile, in which water markets have failed to provide equity and environmental health, but also how certain groups avoided complete privatization of water under this extreme example. Ethnographic studies of the cultural organization of resource scarcity over topographically complex and remote terrain, such as that of irrigators in the Andean cordillera, express the diversity of human innovation at the intersection of politics and ecology. In arid South Eastern Australia, basin plans that treat water as a unit of calculation and economic trade place social and ecological relations in peril. Infrastructures of development provide a narrative of unsettled state and development ideologies, and the problem of groundwater management reveals governance challenges in the face of unstable, unknown, and invisible material. Anthropological studies of water contribute to knowledge of earth’s diverse humanity, knowledge practices, and ecologies. Researchers propose that water governance might engage with human differences articulated at multiple scales, as well as in understanding water’s material agency and waters as dynamic, especially in an ever-changing climate.

Detection and identification of mycobacteria in the Lisbon water distribution system

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Santos ◽  
F. Oliveira ◽  
J. Fernandes ◽  
S. Gonçalves ◽  
F. Macieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
High Rate ◽  
System A ◽  
Detection And Identification

Mycobacteria have emerged as a major cause of opportunistic infections. Until the present, only a few studies have characterized mycobacteria present in the water distribution system of urban areas. In this study, we characterize these microorganisms in the Lisbon water distribution system. Our results indicate a high rate of positivities (90.5%) with mainly saprophytic mycobacteria. Around 63% of these results belong to strains of Mycobacterium gordonae indicating a generalized proliferation of this species in the Lisbon water distribution system. A total of 21.05% of the isolates are from M. kansasii, M. intracellulare and M. chelonae.

scholarly journals GAP FILLERS OR PIONEERS: INFORMAL WATER SUPPLIERS IN PERI-URBAN AREAS OF THE TECHIMAN MUNICIPALITY OF GHANA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 525-539
Author(s):  
Lydia Kwoyiga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Municipal Assembly

There is continuous expansion and growth of urban and peri urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa with projections indicating that this will double. Some peri-urban areas such as those in the Techiman municipality of Ghana are experiencing this trend. Nonetheless, the spate of growth of these areas outstrips the supply of utilities by municipal water distribution networks. As a result, some areas have little or no public provision. In order to address the water supply challenge, places with favourable hydrological settings are witnessing the emergence of informal water suppliers as “gap fillers” or “pioneers”, providing water services. Noteworthy, however, existing studies about informal water suppliers in peri-urban areas in Ghana lump them together, without considering the water source. This study differs in that it specifically examines the evolution and the features of informal water suppliers who privately and independently abstract and supply groundwater. Additionally, it attempts to understand the nature of informality of the suppliers and the possibility of formalisation. The paper is an exploratory study using the case of private mechanised borehole operators who supply water in their respective areas. The findings showed that in some peri-urban areas in the Techiman municipality, some dwellers constructed and operated mechanised boreholes, which provide in-situ water and utilities to others. They are mostly pioneer water suppliers in some of the areas. Their services are informal by nature because they are largely independent of the formal sector and apply informal arrangements in rendering their services. Seen also as business enterprises, they are not licenced. However, the boreholes are registered with the Municipal Assembly, which indicated some level of formalisation. The study recommended that efforts to formalise them further should focus on improving water quality monitoring for consumption and promoting sustainable abstraction.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK SYSTEM IN GENTENG SUB-DISTRICT BANYUWANGI USING EPANET 2.0 PROGRAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Ayu Rahmad Jayanti ◽  
Ririn Endah Badriani ◽  
Yeny Dhokhikah
Keyword(s):  
Discharge Capacity ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Network System ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Simulation Results

The clean water distribution in the Genteng Subdistrict, Banyuwangi Regency is included in the service area of the Zone 1 PDAM tile unit. The 60 liters/second reservoir discharge capacity is obtained from Sumber Umbul Sari in the Glenmore District. The distribution of clean water in Zone 1 is still less than 70% of the area served, as the installed discharge capacity is estimated to be insufficient. In order to achieve the distribution goal, a network system must be developed by adding direct debits and planning a new pipeline. The Epanet 2.0 program simplifies the calculation of pipeline networks by integrating elevation data, network maps, pipeline specification, and load. The analysis of the simulation results was conducted using the Public Works Minister's hydraulic parameter standards 2007. Planning of a distribution network and a cost budget in 2029 were done to estimate the water supply needs and budgets required. The hydraulic simulation results based on the analysis of the pressure of all joints are in accordance with the standard, while the analysis of the velocity in pipe is less standard. The need for water discharge in 2029 is 71.6 liters/second. In Kembiritan Village, the construction of distribution pipes with an additional reservoir unit was planned. The planned pipe dimensions in the development area were 25 mm at 796 meters, 50 mm at 4062 meters, and 75 mm at 1518 meters. The cost of planning a clean water distribution system in 2029 is Rp. 1,431,375,000.00. Distribusi air bersih di Kecamatan Genteng Kabupaten Banyuwangi merupakan wilayah pelayanan Zona 1 PDAM unit Genteng. Kapasitas debit reservoir sebesar 60 liter/detik berasal dari sumber umbul sari di Kecamatan Glenmore. Pendistribusian air bersih di wilayah Zona 1 masih kurang dari 70% wilayah yang terlayani, karena diperkirakan kapasitas debit yang terpasang kurang mencukupi. Untuk memenuhi target pemerataan distribusi perlu pengembangan sistem jaringan dengan penambahan debit dan perencanaan jaringan pipa baru. Program Epanet 2.0 memudahkan dalam perhitungan jaringan perpipaan dengan mengintegrasi data elevasi, peta jaringan, spesifikasi pipa dan debit. Analisis hasil simulasi menggunakan standar parameter hidrolis Permen PU 2007. Perencanaan pengembangan jaringan distribusi dan anggaran biaya pada tahun 2029 guna memperkirakan debit kebutuhan air dan anggaran biaya yang dibutuhkan. Hasil simulasi hidrolis berdasarkan analisis tekanan semua junction telah sesuai standar, sedangkan analisis kecepatan masih di bawah standar. Kebutuhan debit air tahun 2029 sebesar 71,6 Liter/detik. Pengembangan pipa distribusi direncanakan di Desa Kembiritan dengan tambahan satu unit reservoir. Dimensi pipa rencana di wilayah pengembangan digunakan diameter 25 mm sepanjang 796 m, diameter 50 mm sepanjang 4062 m dan diameter 75 mm sepanjang 1518 m. Biaya perencanaan sistem distribusi air bersih tahun 2029 sebesar Rp. 1.431.375.000,00.

scholarly journals The Huerta Agricultural Landscape in the Spanish Mediterranean Arc: One Landscape, Two Perspectives, Three Specific Huertas

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Pablo Martí ◽  
Clara García-Mayor
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Environmental Goals ◽  
Vega Baja

The Huerta is recognised as one of the 13 specific agricultural landscapes in Europe, present in only three Mediterranean countries, namely Spain, Italy, and Greece. In the case of Spain, three areas fall within the established Huerta agricultural classification: the Huertas de Valencia, Murcia, and Vega Baja. While all of them share common landscape features, each Huerta has distinguishing singularities which are approached through two perspectives: firstly, the structural tangible elements, related to functional networks—water distribution, pathways networks, settlement patterns, and the agricultural production system; and secondly, the role of the intangible components—connotations of the word Huerta, water management, canal and path upkeep rules, and the administration of these territories. The analysis of the tangible elements and intangible components in the three Spanish Huertas shows these territories as complex and balanced systems that have historically counterbalanced the environmental drawbacks in one of the most arid European regions. Despite being a highly appreciated environmental and productive asset, these Huertas are under intense pressure from urban development in highly urbanized metropolitan areas. This study shows Huertas’ uniqueness through their historical role in the territorial planning and management strategies at the local level, finally depicting Huertas as a present strategical opportunity for reaching environmental goals in peri-urban areas.

scholarly journals Understanding Computational Methods for Solar Envelopes Based on Design Parameters, Tools, and Case Studies: A Review

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miktha Farid Alkadri ◽  
Francesco De Luca ◽  
Michela Turrin ◽  
Sevil Sariyildiz
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Urban Heat

The increasing population density in urban areas simultaneously impacts the trend of energy consumption in building sectors and the urban heat island (UHI) effects of urban infrastructure. Accordingly, passive design strategies to create sustainable buildings play a major role in addressing these issues, while solar envelopes prove to be a relevant concept that specifically considers the environmental performance aspects of a proposed building given their local contexts. As significant advances have been made over the past decades regarding the development and implementation of computational solar envelopes, this study presents a comprehensive review of solar envelopes while specifically taking into account design parameters, digital tools, and the implementation of case studies in various contextual settings. This extensive review is conducted in several stages. First, an investigation of the scope and procedural steps of the review is conducted to frame the boundary of the topic to be analyzed within the conceptual framework of solar envelopes. Second, comparative analyses between categorized design methods in parallel with a database of design parameters are conducted, followed by an in-depth discussion of the criteria for the digital tools and case studies extracted from the selected references. Third, knowledge gaps are identified, and the future development of solar envelopes is discussed to complete the review. This study ultimately provides an inclusive understanding for designers and architects regarding the progressive methods of the development of solar envelopes during the conceptual design stage.

scholarly journals Reclaimed artificial coastal territories for the development of urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 01025
Author(s):  
Mikhail Shilin ◽  
Alexandra Ershova ◽  
Yuri Matveev ◽  
Nikolay Popov ◽  
Olga Mandryka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Side Scan Sonar ◽  
The North ◽  
Coastal Landscapes ◽  
Neva Bay

The article discusses the possibility and perspectives of using the reclaimed artificial areas in the coastal zone of marine estuaries for the sustainable development of urban infrastructure and creation of modern architectural ensembles with the background of green economy using the example of Lakhta-Center on the northern coast of the Neva Bay (St. Petersburg, Russia). The geo-ecological stability of underwater and coastal landscapes of the coastal zone of the Neva Bay is analyzed using side scan sonar. The environmental sensitivity of coastal ecosystems is estimated. The received data can be used on practice for planning the construction work and for the development of the infrastructure of urbanized coastal zone of the Neva Bay. The general geo-ecological situation in the observed area is rather stable. The coastal zone has good perspectives for the development of a sustainable urban infrastructure against the backdrop of the green economy. The special attention should be paid to migration of birds and fish, who are using the North Lakhta coast as a temporary refugium during Spring and Autumn migrations. An effective solution from both environmental and economic points of view could be the organization of the Nature Conservation Reserve, which is spatially associated with the Lakhta Center zone. Such type of the complex using of the coastal zone could be a good example of the spatial planning in the environmentally sensitive area.

scholarly journals Formation of the organizational-managerial model of renovation of urban territories

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 04029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Topchiy ◽  
Andrey Tokarskiy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Special Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Territories ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The City

The pace of modern urban development dictates special requirements for the structure of zoning and the designation of the territories of megacities. Formed requirements for the objects of residential and recreational areas, urban infrastructure and communications facilities. A special role in the issue of improving the comfort of the urban environment, is the process of renovation of production areas. One of the main principles of urban planning is the location of production in the outskirts of cities and settlements. However, with the development of urban areas, once located at the disposal of production, are surrounded by residential and administrative-office blocks. This “neighborhood” not only causes discomfort to residents, but also creates an excessive environmental burden on the environment. In addition, the territory of the city, and especially large megacities, have a much higher cadastral value of land, and, therefore, create an additional tax burden on production, as added value to the output. All these elements make the products uncompetitive, especially in comparison with similar products produced outside the metropolitan area. Thus, the process of output of production beyond the city limits is actually cyclical and uninterrupted. Territories that remain after the withdrawal of production facilities are subject to comprehensive analysis, taking into account the social needs of the city, and further renovation.

Hydraulic performance of post-earthquake water distribution networks based on head driven simulation method

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1281-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mani ◽  
M. Tabesh ◽  
M. R. Zolfaghari
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Hydraulic Performance ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Actual Performance

Water distribution networks are one of the most important infrastructures in urban areas. Evaluating their real hydraulic performance after being damaged by earthquake loadings is crucial for future planning. In this study, pipeline damage caused by seismic wave propagation is modelled using relationships obtained from 1994 Northridge earthquake. Damaged network is hydraulically analysed using the head driven simulation method (HDSM). This analysis helps to obtain actual performance of the water distribution network damaged by seismic waves, without the usual need to handle negative nodal pressures generated from demand driven simulation method. Pressure performance indicator and the total leakage of the network are used as indicators to show the hydraulic performance of the system. Comparison of the damages from different seismic scenarios and the hydraulic indicators of the network, illustrate the probable condition of the water distribution network after the earthquake. The proposed methodology is applied on a reservoir zone of the Tehran water distribution network. The results indicate the degree of damage in terms of pipe burst and leak points in this network.

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