Biaxial bending of cold-formed angle members

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murty K. S. Madugula ◽  
Sujit K. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solution ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Simultaneous Equations ◽  
Biaxial Bending ◽  
Total Stress ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Galerkin Method ◽  
Shear Centre

Theoretical load–deflection relationships for cold-formed angles under biaxial bending using the Galerkin method are presented. The computational difficulties encountered in the exact solution of differential equations of equilibrium involving 12 unknown constants in 12 simultaneous equations are pointed out. A computer program for pinned-end boundary conditions was developed to estimate the deflection components of the shear centre, to calculate the total stress at various points in the cross section, and to predict the ultimate strength of the cold-formed angle sections connected by one leg. Failure is assumed to have occurred when the total stress at any point on the cross section reaches the value of yield stress, compressive or tensile, or when there is a change of sign for at least one of the deflection components. A table giving the ultimate compressive strength of two commonly used cold-formed angles for various gauge distances is included. The theoretical load–deflection curves are compared with experimental results and typical curves for three test specimens are also presented.

scholarly journals PAIR PRODUCTION OF FUNDAMENTAL UNSTABLE PARTICLES IN MODIFIED PERTURBATION THEORY IN NNLO

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. NEKRASOV
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solution ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Pair Production ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Massless Particles ◽  
Unstable Particles ◽  
The Cross

We consider pair production and decay of fundamental unstable particles in the framework of a modified perturbation theory (MPT) treating resonant contributions in the sense of distributions. The cross-section of the process is calculated within the NNLO of the MPT in a model that admits exact solution. Universal massless-particles contributions are taken into consideration. A comparison of the outcomes with the exact solution demonstrates excellent convergence of the MPT series at the energies near and above the maximum of the cross-section.

Combined Bending and Compression of a Pressurized Circular Cylindrical Membrane Column

1965 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-378
Author(s):  
W. E. Jahsman
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Bending Moments ◽  
Lateral Deflection ◽  
The Cross

Load-lateral deflection curves are developed for a pressurized tube of circular cross section under combined bending and compression. The tube walls are assumed to have negligible compressive strength so that wrinkling develops if the stress tends to become negative. It is found that for a given bending moment, the load increases monotonically with deflection until a maximum is reached beyond which the load decreases with increasing deflection. An interaction curve of the maximum load versus bending moment shows that the presence of only a small amount of bending significantly decreases the maximum compressive load below the classical Euler load. Conversely, for bending moments which produce almost complete wrinkling of the cross section, only very small amounts of compressive load can be supported.

scholarly journals Determining Optimal Gear Ratios of a Two-stage Helical Reducer for Getting Minimal Acreage of Cross Section

2018 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 01008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Khac Tuan ◽  
Vu Ngoc Pi ◽  
Nguyen Thi Hong Cam ◽  
Tran Thi Phuong Thao ◽  
Ho Ky Thanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Equilibrium Condition ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Design Equation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Moment Equilibrium ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Optimal Calculation

This article introduces a study on the optimal calculation of gear ratios of a two-stage helical reducer. In the study, the acreage of the cross section of the reducer was chosen as the objective function of the optimization problem. Also, the design equation for pitting resistance of a gear set was investigated. Furthermore, the equations on moment equilibrium condition of a two-stage helical reducer and their regular resistance condition were analysed. A computer program was performed to determine the optimal partial transmission ratios for getting the minimal acreage of the cross section of the system. From the results of the computer program, two models for determining the optimal gear ratios of a two-stage reducer were proposed. Using these models, the gear ratios can be calculated accurately in a simple way.

scholarly journals ENSAIOS EM VIGAS DE ALVENARIA SUBMETIDAS À FLEXÃO SIMPLES

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria das Graças Duarte de Oliveira ◽  
Edgar Bacarji ◽  
Gilson Natal Guimaraes
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Shear Failure ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Longitudinal Reinforcement ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Concrete Masonry ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
The Cross

RESUMO: Foi realizado um estudo experimental de vigas de alvenaria de concreto submetidas à flexão simples e as variáveis usadas foram a altura da seção transversal e a distribuição das barras da armadura longitudinal. Foram confeccionadas nove vigas com blocos e canaletas de concreto de resistência característica a compressão de 13 MPa. A altura da seção transversal foi definida pela quantidade de fiadas de blocos: uma, duas e três fiadas. As barras de aço da armadura longitudinal foram distribuídas na seção transversal, mantendo constante a taxa de armadura. Foram moldadas três vigas apenas com canaletas e sem estribos, pois seu uso é muito comum na região de Goiânia, GO. Os resultados obtidos foram confrontados com valores encontrados utilizando as recomendações de dimensionamento da norma NBR15961-1 (2011).  De modo geral, as vigas com estribos e com armadura longitudinal distribuídas nas diversas fiadas tiveram desempenho melhor, sendo estas mais dúcteis e mais seguras que as vigas apenas com canaletas e sem estribos. Essas vigas com estribos romperam por flexão e as cargas de ruptura excederam os valores calculados conforme as recomendações de norma. Já as vigas sem estribos romperam por cisalhamento com cargas de ruptura menor ou igual ao recomendado por norma. Este estudo mostra que não devem ser utilizadas vigas de alvenaria sem estribos. ABSTRACT: An experimental study of the flexural behavior of concrete masonry beams subjected to flexure was done and the variables used were the height of the cross section and the distribution of the longitudinal reinforcement along the layers of blocks. Nine concrete masonry beams were cast and tested with concrete blocks of 13 MPa compressive strength. The height of the cross section was defined by the number of blocks: one, two or three layers. The steel longitudinal reinforcement was distributed along the cross section, such that the steel arrangement gave the same steel reinforcing ratio for all beams. Three beams with lintels only and without stirrups were cast since its use if very common in the region of Goiania, GO. Results obtained were compared to those values obtained using recommendations prescribed in Brazilian code of practice NBR 15961-1 (2011). In general, beams with stirrups and with longitudinal reinforcement distributed along the height of the cross section had better performance, were more ductile and safer than beams without stirrups. These beams failed in flexure and ultimate loads were above those calculated using code recommendations. Beams without stirrups had a shear failure with ultimate loads lower than recommended by the code. This study shows that beams without stirrups should not be used.

A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Block ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

Energy Distribution in Electron Beams

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Integral Curve ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Angular Divergence ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Integral Width ◽  
The Cross

The energy distribution in an electron; beam from an electron gun provided with a biased Wehnelt cylinder was measured by a retarding potential analyser. All the measurements were carried out with a beam of small angular divergence (<3xl0-4 rad) to eliminate the apparent increase of energy width as pointed out by Ichinokawa.The cross section of the beam from a gun with a tungsten hairpin cathode varies as shown in Fig.1a with the bias voltage Vg. The central part of the beam was analysed. An example of the integral curve as well as the energy spectrum is shown in Fig.2. The integral width of the spectrum ΔEi varies with Vg as shown in Fig.1b The width ΔEi is smaller than the Maxwellian width near the cut-off. As |Vg| is decreased, ΔEi increases beyond the Maxwellian width, reaches a maximum and then decreases. Note that the cross section of the beam enlarges with decreasing |Vg|.

Research in the cross-section of community psychology and global climate change: A call for action

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marci Culley ◽  
Holly Angelique ◽  
Courte Voorhees ◽  
Brian John Bishop ◽  
Peta Louise Dzidic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Community Psychology ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The Cross

Experimental Studies Of Multilayer Glass Structures On Compression, Compression With Bending And Simple Bending

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Laminated Glass ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Experimental Values

The work of multilayer glass structures for central and eccentric compression and bending are considered. The substantiation of the chosen research topic is made. The description and features of laminated glass for the structures investigated, their characteristics are presented. The analysis of the results obtained when testing for compression, compression with bending, simple bending of models of columns, beams, samples of laminated glass was made. Overview of the types and nature of destruction of the models are presented, diagrams of material operation are constructed, average values of the resistance of the cross-sections of samples are obtained, the table of destructive loads is generated. The need for development of a set of rules and guidelines for the design of glass structures, including laminated glass, for bearing elements, as well as standards for testing, rules for assessing the strength, stiffness, crack resistance and methods for determining the strength of control samples is emphasized. It is established that the strength properties of glass depend on the type of applied load and vary widely, and significantly lower than the corresponding normative values of the strength of heat-strengthened glass. The effect of the connecting polymeric material and manufacturing technology of laminated glass on the strength of the structure is also shown. The experimental values of the elastic modulus are different in different directions of the cross section and in the direction perpendicular to the glass layers are two times less than along the glass layers.

Seasonality in the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

CFA Digest ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Kathryn Dixon Jost
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
The Cross
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