Vacuum Sewer Systems and their Possible Canadian Applications

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
D. W. Averill ◽  
G. W. Heinke
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Vacuum Pump ◽  
Pressure Differential ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Air Gaps ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Gravity System

This paper reviews the basic principles of vacuum sewer systems and the introduction of vacuum sewers to Canada. A vacuum sewer uses air pressure instead of gravity as the driving force for waste water transport. Waste water is moved in plugs, separated by air gaps, at high velocities through small diameter pipes. The pressure differential of about one-half atmosphere is created by a central vacuum pump. Specially designed vacuum toilets, valves, and a central collection tank complete the system. The advantages of a vacuum sewer system over a conventional gravity system are its ability to transport waste water horizontally and to a certain extent upgrade, its much lower water usage, and its lower capital cost. However the length, capacity, and lift potential of vacuum sewers are limited by the available pressure differential, which precludes their use in many cases.

Origins and characteristics of urban wet weather pollution in combined sewer systems: the experimental urban catchment “Le Marais” in Paris

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Christine Gromaire-Mertz ◽  
Ghassan Chebbo ◽  
Mohamed Saad
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Wet Weather Flow ◽  
Different Sources

An experimental urban catchment has been created in the centre of Paris, in order to obtain a description of the pollution of urban wet weather flows at different levels of the combined sewer system, and to estimate the contribution of runoff, waste water and sewer sediments to this pollution. Twenty-two rainfall events were studied from May to October 1996. Dry weather flow was monitored for one week. Roof, street and yard runoff, total flow at the catchment outlet and waste water were analysed for SS, VSS, COD and BOD5, on both total and dissolved fraction. Results show an evolution in the characteristics of wet weather flow from up to downstream: concentrations increase from the catchment entry to the outlet, as well as the proportion of particle-bound pollutants and the part of organic matter. A first evaluation of the different sources of pollution establishes that a major part of wet weather flow pollution originates from inside the combined sewer, probably through erosion of sewer sediments.

Online load measurement in combined sewer systems – possibilities of an integrated management of waste water transportation and treatment

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Häck ◽  
U. Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Hydraulic Conditions ◽  
Pre Treatment

To obtain a further appreciable reduction of discharges in the area of sewage disposal, besides waste water purification at our treatment plants, discharge of wastewater through the sewer system has to be taken into account. Today, control strategies pursuing this aim are mainly based on hydraulic conditions like level or flow rate. They all neglect the wastewater organic load as an essential parameter. The main reasons are the expensive methods used to continuously measure traditional organic sum parameters like COD or TOC. A meaningful alternative to those parameters is the spectral absorption coefficient at λ = 254 nm (SAC), defined in DIN 38402 by the German Institute for Standardisation. As a purely physical parameter, the SAC shows a good correlation to organic sum parameters like COD and TOC, especially if municipal wastewater is considered. By using an UV-process probe, it is possible to measure the SAC and infer the organic load of raw wastewater continuously without any sample pre-treatment. By the use of this instrument numerous possibilities arise, in order to control the sewers discharge load depend.

NEW WASTE WATER PRACTICES IN DAIRY PLANTS

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 453-455
Author(s):  
Robert A. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Peak Loads ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Additional Reduction

Water pollution legislation is now having a national impact on pollution control activities in the Dairy Industry. The legislative programs that are being enforced are establishing uniform standards throughout the 50 states to abate pollution. It is apparent that individual plants will be forced to evaluate their present operation in terms of reducing waste water. The waste water from dairy plants presents certain characteristics which make treatment difficult. The wastes are produced over a short period during the day and this presents peak loads to a treatment facility. The strength of waste water will also vary. Rather than the dairy plant constructing its own treatment facility, the predominant means of disposal is to discharge to a municipal sewer system. For this method of treatment, certain charges are made against the dairy plant to pay for operation of the facility. These charges are becoming substantial, dollarwise, because of the high strengths and volumes of waste water being treated daily. By collecting product/water rinsings from the HTST and CIP system waste water loads can be reduced. Further equipment augmentation to existing CIP systems results in additional reduction in daily water usage.

Total Discharges Taken into Account for Comprehensive Planning of Urban Drainage and Waste Water Treatment

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 2609-2612
Author(s):  
D.-Th. Kollatsch
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Comprehensive Planning ◽  
Environmental Care ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Receiving Waters

The most important task of urban drainage and waste water treatment in the future is the environmental care of rivers and receiving waters. For this it is necessary to have a look at all discharges of sewer systems and treatment facilities. With simulation models the interactions between surface, sewer systems, overflow structures and treatment facilities can be shown. With these models the efficiency of upgrading measures can be proved in all parts of urban water systems.

Sediment transport under dry weather conditions in a small sewer system

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Flemming Schlütter ◽  
Kjeld Schaarup-Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Initial Results

Increased knowledge of the processes which govern the transport of solids in sewers is necessary in order to develop more reliable and applicable sediment transport models for sewer systems. Proper validation of these are essential. For that purpose thorough field measurements are imperative. This paper renders initial results obtained in an ongoing case study of a Danish combined sewer system in Frejlev, a small town southwest of Aalborg, Denmark. Field data are presented concerning estimation of the sediment transport during dry weather. Finally, considerations on how to approach numerical modelling is made based on numerical simulations using MOUSE TRAP (DHI 1993).

Sewer rehabilitation strategy in Berlin

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 379-387
Author(s):  
D. Jacobi ◽  
K.-J. Sympher
Keyword(s):  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Remaining Useful Life ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Sewer Rehabilitation ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Rehabilitation Strategy

Berlin Wasserbetriebe is in need of a significant and longterm investment in the rehabilitation of its sewer system. With ratification of the European Standard EN 752 Part 5, comprehensive rules have been set out for the rehabilitation of drain and sewer systems: hydraulic performance, environmental impact and structural integrity of complete catchment areas are given equal consideration. Taking this into account, Berliner Wasserbetriebe has developed a sewer rehabilitation strategy. Economic aspects are integrated with a cost-benefit-analysis; the significance of the remaining useful life of a pipe section is examined.

Estimating rainfall-induced inflow and infiltration in a sanitary sewer system based on water quality modelling: which parameter to use?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingkai Zhang ◽  
Yanchen Liu ◽  
Qian Dong ◽  
Yi Hong ◽  
Xia Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Modelling ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Sanitary Sewer ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Management Issues

Rainfall-derived inflow and infiltration (RDII) of urban sanitary sewer systems poses serious challenges for public health and management issues.

scholarly journals RESULTS OF TESTING OF MODERN INDIVIDUAL MILKING INSTALLATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Kryshtal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Vacuum Pump ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of the research: comprehensive assessment of the individual milking unit of the company "Kurtsan" (Turkey) during operation. Methods of research: Analysis of the structural features of the individual milking unit performed by the observation method given to test sample, the quality of the machine was evaluated by standardized methods: the quality of the technological process and operational-technological indicators in accordance with the SOU 74.3-37-273, energy indices according to DSTU 2331, economic Indicators according to DSTU 4397, safety indicators and ergonomics according to DSTU IEES 60335-1, DSTU EN 60335-2-70. Research Results: The conducted research confirms a sufficiently high quality of the technological process of selection of milk in cows in the conditions of use of milking installation in a personal economy, which provides favorable conditions for the milking of the cow, taking into account its physiological features. Performance per hour of basic time is 10 heads. Milking installation works on the principle of a closed milking system, thanks to which milk does not contact the environment and immediately from the basin enters a sealed can. Such system protects milk from the possibility of bacterial and physical contamination. Milk obtained during milking by milking installation according to quality indicators (acidity, density, content of somatic cells, mass fraction of dry matter, mass fraction of fat) meets the requirements for the first grade according to DSTU 3662. Milking installation is equipped with a dry vacuum pump. Power consumption during installation does not exceed 0.54 kW. Specific electricity consumption for milking of one cow is 0.05 kWh / head. Annual operating expenses for milking of two cows in the farm are 1591.90 UAH / head. Conclusions. According to the testing of the individual milking plant manufacturing company "KURTSAN", it has been established that this installation reliably performs the technological process of machine milking of cows in milking can for their tethered maintenance and allows you to get milk of the first grade. The total duration of visiting one cow is 5.75 minutes. The average intensity of milk is 1.0 kg / min. Milking machine provides complete bodies of cows. The magnitude of the control manual feed is 50 ml. The milking machine is equipped with an adjustable pulsator of pairwise milking, which creates a manual milking process and works for a working vacuum of 40 ± 1 kPa, which prevents injury to dies and diseases of mastitis. In the cover the "Stop-Milk" system is installed, which prevents milk from entering a vacuum pump during the overflow of the poor, or water while washing All items are compactly assembled on a single cart. However, a small diameter of wheels on an unequal surface creates some inconvenience to the operator during the transportation of the machine with a filled milk capacity. The application of the installation increases the amount of milk received. Its gentle work does not harm the emotional and physical health of the cow: the dysfunctions during operation are not pushed, and light vibration creates a massage effect. Milking installation allows you to significantly reduce the labor of service personnel in an economy with a maintenance of 1 to 10 cows.

Experimental investigation on the efficiency of a high side weir overflow

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert Luyckx ◽  
Guido Vaes ◽  
Jean Berlamont
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Settling Velocity ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Side Weir ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
High Side ◽  
Sediment Fraction

Most of the overflow structures in Flanders are ‘high side weir overflows’. For the design of these structures British guidelines are used. However, the design conditions for sewer systems in the U.K. differ from the Flemish design conditions. In Flanders, pressurised flow is in common use in the pipes of the sewer system. That is why tests have been carried out on a scale model of a high side weir overflow. The optimal dimensions are determined, using different model sediments. Also efficiency relationships have been determined. For a particular chamber geometry and particular flow conditions, the efficiency of a certain sediment fraction is only determined by the settling velocity of this fraction.

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