The Calibration of a Sit-ups Task Using the Rasch Poisson Counts Model

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weimo Zhu ◽  
Margaret J. Safrit
Keyword(s):  
Item Response ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Ability Level ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Metric Graphs ◽  
Ability Levels ◽  
Violation Of Assumptions ◽  
Poisson Counts

The purpose of this study was to calibrate a nationally used sit-ups test using the Rasch Poisson Counts model and evaluate the model-data fit. The total number of subjects was 8,723, consisting of 4,486 girls and 4,237 boys, ages 10 to 18. The estimated difficulty of the sit-ups task was −2.80, which was appropriate for a majority of examinees whose ability levels ranged from.09 to 1.39. After the calibration, boys and girls as well as different age groups were compared under the same metric. Graphs of the model-data fit demonstrated that the model-data fit at a low ability level was not as good as the fit at a high ability, which could be caused by violation of assumptions of the model that examinees have the same performance speed throughout the test and that the speed at a given time is independent of the number of sit-ups completed so far. Key words: item response theory, modeling of motor performance, fitness testing

Cognitive Load Affects Speech Motor Performance Differently in Older and Younger Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1258-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan K. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Movement Duration ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Speech Motor

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of cognitive load imposed by a speech production task on the speech motor performance of healthy older and younger adults. Response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory were the primary cognitive processes of interest.MethodTwelve healthy older and 12 healthy younger adults produced multiple repetitions of 4 sentences containing an embedded Stroop task in 2 cognitive load conditions: congruent and incongruent. The incongruent condition, which required participants to suppress orthographic information to say the font colors in which color words were written, represented an increase in cognitive load relative to the congruent condition in which word text and font color matched. Kinematic measures of articulatory coordination variability and movement duration as well as a behavioral measure of sentence production accuracy were compared between groups and conditions and across 3 sentence segments (pre-, during-, and post-Stroop).ResultsIncreased cognitive load in the incongruent condition was associated with increased articulatory coordination variability and movement duration, compared to the congruent Stroop condition, for both age groups. Overall, the effect of increased cognitive load was greater for older adults than younger adults and was greatest in the portion of the sentence in which cognitive load was manipulated (during-Stroop), followed by the pre-Stroop segment. Sentence production accuracy was reduced for older adults in the incongruent condition.ConclusionsIncreased cognitive load involving response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory processes within a speech production task disrupted both the stability and timing with which speech was produced by both age groups. Older adults' speech motor performance may have been more affected due to age-related changes in cognitive and motoric functions that result in altered motor cognition.

Are vocabulary tests measurement invariant between age groups? An item response analysis of three popular tests.

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Fox ◽  
Jane M. Berry ◽  
Sara P. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Item Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Response Analysis

scholarly journals The Influence of Relative Age Effects on the Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels of Children Age 9 to 10 and 11 to 12 Years of Age

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Roberts ◽  
Lynne M. Boddy ◽  
Stuart J. Fairclough ◽  
Gareth Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
First Time

The aims of this study were firstly to examine whether there was an observed relative age effect in the cardiorespiratory fitness scores of 9-10 and 11-12 year old children, and secondly whether any observed effect was maintained after controlling for somatic maturity. Cardiorespiratory fitness data from 11,404 children aged 9-10 years and 3,911 children aged 11-12 years were obtained from a large cross-sectional field-based fitness testing program. A one-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant relative age effect (p < .01) existed in the 20mSRT scores across all the age groups. Furthermore, ANCOVA analyses identified a statistically significant relative age effect was maintained after controlling for somatic maturation (p < .05). From a public health perspective these results confirm the existence of relative age effects for the first time and consequently may hold implications for relatively younger children in the accurate assessment of their cardiorespiratory fitness scores.

scholarly journals Fine Motor Precision Tasks: Sex Differences in Performance with and without Visual Guidance across Different Age Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Liudmila Liutsko ◽  
Ruben Muiños ◽  
Josep Maria Tous Ral ◽  
María José Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Manova Analysis ◽  
Sensory Condition

Previous studies have reported certain sex differences in motor performance precision. The aim of the present study was to analyze sex differences in fine motor precision performance for both hands under different test conditions. Fine motor tasks were performed by 220 Spanish participants (ages: 12–95), tracing over the provided models – lines of 40 mm for both hands, two sensory conditions (PV—proprioceptive-visual; P—proprioceptive only) and three movement types (F—frontal, T—transversal, and S—sagittal). Differences in line length (the task focused on precision) were observed through MANOVA analysis for all test conditions, both sexes and different age groups. Sex differences in precision were observed in F and T movement types (statistically significance level and higher Cohens’ d were observed in condition with vision). No statistically significant differences were observed for both hands and sensory conditions in sagittal movement. Sex differences in fine motor precision were more frequently observed in the PV sensory condition in frontal movement and less in sagittal movement.

Gender Differences in Motor Performance of 50- to 79-Year-Old Adults

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 939-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Rudisill ◽  
Tonya Toole
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Balance Task ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump

This study was conducted to assess gender and age differences among 73 men and women (50—59, 60—69, and 70—79 yr.) on five motor tasks (balance, standing long jump, sit and reach, hand grip, and Softball throw). Differences between men and women on the standing long jump, hand grip, and the Softball throw favored men. The men had better performance scores than the women on each of these tasks. An interaction of gender by age was noted on the balance task. Women 50—59 yr. old balanced significantly longer than the men of that age group. Age differences were found for the standing long jump, hand grip, and Softball throw. The 50—59 age group performed significantly better than the 60—69 and the 70—79 age groups Performance decreased on each task across age groups. These findings suggest gender differences in motor performance of older adults as has been noted for children.

Exploratory Behavior in Children

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Pielstick ◽  
A. Bond Woodruff
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Ability Level ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Ability Groups ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
6Th Graders ◽  
Two Age Groups

60 children representing equally two age groups (2nd and 6th graders) and three ability groups (IQs of 92–108, 112–128, and 132+) served as Ss in studies of the effects of stimulus characteristics on exploratory behavior and the effect of novelty on immediate and delayed recall. In Exp. 1, significant effects were obtained for complexity, abstractness, and incongruity but not ambiguity of tachistoscopically presented stimulus materials. Age affected exploration of incongruous and ambiguous but not complex and abstract materials. Ability level had no significant effects. In Exp. II, exploratory time and judged intensity of exploration were influenced by the characteristics of stimulus objects presented in an array for free exploration. Novelty facilitated exploration but neither age nor ability had a significant effect. In Exp. III, both immediate and delayed recall by the younger Ss were greater for objects they identified as “novel” but recall by the older Ss was somewhat greater for “not-novel” objects. Factor analysis of all the behavioral scores derived in these experiments along with scores from a creativity test indicated that the various measures of exploratory behavior and creativity used here were sampling different aspects of behavior and no one of such measures can be assumed to be an adequate index of exploratory behavior in general.

Conventional Sex Differences in Personality: Does Sex or Verbal Ability Level Account for More Variance?

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Potts ◽  
Walter T. Plant ◽  
Mara L. Southern
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
California Psychological Inventory ◽  
Ability Level ◽  
Ability Levels ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Psychological Inventory

Subjects were 106 students categorized into four groups on the basis of their sex and verbal ability: very bright men ( n = 23), very bright women ( n = 30), below average men ( n = 23) and below average women ( n = 30). Scores were also obtained from five scales of the California Psychological Inventory and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. Six, 2(sex) × 2(ability levels) fixed effects factorial analyses of variance were computed yielding 12 F ratios. Estimates of ω2 were also computed for each significant F ratio. Four ω2 estimates of .02 to .11 were obtained for the independent variable of sex whereas five ω2 of .03 to .26 were obtained for the independent variable of ability level. In that four of the values of ω2 for ability were greater than any for the variable of sex, it was concluded that verbal ability better accounts for more variance in the personality-attitude measures used than does sex of subjects.

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